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Western Lombard dialects

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Western Lombard is a group of dialects of Lombard, a Romance language spoken in Italy. It is widespread in the Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, a small part of Cremona (except Crema and its neighbours), Lodi and Pavia, and the Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, the eastern part of the Province of Alessandria (Tortona), a small part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and Switzerland (the Canton of Ticino and part of the Canton of Graubünden). After the name of the region involved, land of the former Duchy of Milan, this language is often referred to as Insubric (see Insubria and Insubres) or Milanese, or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano (literally "of this side of Adda River").[2]

Western Lombard
Milanes/Milanées, Insubrigh/Insübrich, lumbard ucidental
Native toItaly, Switzerland
RegionItaly

Switzerland

Native speakers
unknown[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologwest2343
Linguasphere... 51-AAA-odj 51-AAA-odd ... 51-AAA-odj
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Western Lombard and Italian

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In Italian-speaking contexts, Western Lombard is often incorrectly called a dialect of Italian.[citation needed] Western Lombard and Standard Italian are very different.[3] Some speakers of Lombard varieties may have difficulty understanding one another and require a standard to communicate, but all Western Lombard varieties are mutually intelligible.[3] Western Lombard is relatively homogeneous (much more so than Eastern Lombard), but it has a number of variations,[4] mainly in relation to the vowels /o/, /ɔ/ and the development of /ts/ into /s/.

Western Lombard has no official status in Lombardy or anywhere else. The only official language in Lombardy is Italian.

Grammar

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Main article: Western Lombard grammar

The general lines of diachronics of Western Lombard plural declension are drawn here, with reference to Milanese orthography:

Feminine

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Most feminine words end with the inflection -a; the feminine plural is non-inflected (la legora / i legor ; la cadrega / i cadregh). The final vowel keeps its original length (non-final syllables have no difference), which is often long when it is followed by a voiced consonant and short when it is followed by a voiceless consonant. When the stem ends with a particular consonant cluster, there can be the addition of a final -i or of a schwa between consonants (for example: in Milanese sing. scendra, plur. scendr > scender). For adjectives, the plural form and masculine form are often the same.

Masculine

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Most masculine nouns lack inflections, and the plural masculine is always non-inflected (el tramvaj/i tramvaj; el lett/i lett ). When the word stem ends with a particular group of consonants, both singular and plural forms can add a schwa between consonants; otherwise, a final -o (pron. /u/) is added to singular nouns, -i for plurals.

Masculine words ending in -in or, less commonly, in -ett, have plurals in -itt (fiolin/fiolitt). Those ending in -ll have plurals in -j, (el sidell/i sidej ; el porscell/i porscej ; el cavall / i cavaj). The same occurs in the determinate article: singular ell > el, plural elli > ej > i.

Masculine words ending in -a are invariable and are proper nouns, words from Ancient Greek or idiomatic words such as pirla, a derogatory term for a person.

Varieties

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Western Lombard can be divided into four main varieties: lombardo alpino (spoken in the provinces of Sondrio and of Verbania, Sopraceneri of Canton Ticino and Grigioni in Switzerland), lombardo-prealpino occidentale (spoken in the provinces of Como, Varese and Lecco, Lugano and its neighbors in Canton Ticino), basso-lombardo occidentale (Pavia and Lodi), and macromilanese (provinces of Milan, Monza, Novara and Valsesia of Vercelli). The boundaries are obviously schematic, since the political division in provinces and municipalities are usually independent from languages spoken.

Examples of Western Lombard language are:[citation needed]

Phonology

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The following information is based on the Milanese dialect:[11]

Consonants

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Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ
voiced v z ʒ
Nasal m n ɲ (ŋ)
Rhotic r
Approximant lateral l (ʎ)
central j w
  • [ŋ] occurs only as a nasal sound before velar stops.
  • The central approximant sounds /j w/ are mainly heard as allophones of /i u/ when preceding vowels.
  • [ʎ] is not typically pronounced, and only occurs in a few words from Italian.

Vowels

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Front Central Back
Close i ĩ y ỹ u ũ
Close-mid e ẽ
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Open a ã ɑ (ɒ)
  • A double vowel aa is pronounced as [ɑː] or [ɒː]. /a/ may also be pronounced as [ɑ].

Orthography

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The most important orthography in Western Lombard literature is the Classical Milanese orthography. It was used by Carlo Porta (1775–1821) and Delio Tessa (1886–1939). It was perfected by the Circolo Filologico di Milano. Other orthographies are the Ticinese, the Comasca, the Bosina, the Nuaresat, and the Lecchese.[citation needed]

Literature

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An extensive Western Lombard literature is available. Texts include various dictionaries, a few grammars, and a 2020 translation of the Gospels arranged into an account of the life of Christ.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Although the upper bound to the number of speakers is around 2,500,000,[citation needed] this figure represents more closely the number of people who can understand Western Lombard. Because of immigration (mostly to Milan) from other parts of Italy, the use of Western Lombard is very rare in western Lombardy and most people are not able to speak it fluently.[citation needed]
  2. ^ Merlo, Clemente (1960). "I dialetti lombardi". Storia di Milano (in Italian). 13: L'età napoleonica, 1796–1814. Milan: Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri: 466–475.L'età napoleonica, 1796–1814Category:Articles containing Italian-language text&rft.pages=466-475&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Merlo&rft.aufirst=Clemente&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Western Lombard dialects" class="Z3988">
  3. ^ a b "Lombard". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  4. ^ Gian Battista Pellegrini, Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pacini, Pisa, 1977.
  5. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  6. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  7. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  8. ^ Maiden, Martin; Mair Perry, M (1997). Dialects of Italy. Psychology Press. p. 256.
  9. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  10. ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
  11. ^ Nicoli, Franco (1983). Grammatica Milanese. Busto Arsizio: Bramante editrice. pp. 31–74.
  12. ^ Gianotti, Massimiliano (2020-05-29). 'L Vangel. Trascrizione in lingua lombarda della storia di Gesù. L'Onda. ISBN 9788894518320.

Bibliography

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  • Andrea Rognoni, Grammatica dei dialetti della Lombardia, Oscar Mondadori, 2005.
  • AA. VV., Parlate e dialetti della Lombardia. Lessico comparato, Mondadori, Milano 2003.
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