Valarin is a fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien. One of the languages of Arda in Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, Valarin is the language spoken by the Valar. As immortal spiritual beings, the Valar have the ability to communicate through thought, with no need for a spoken language, but it appears that it was adopted as part of their assumption of physical, humanlike forms.
External history
editTolkien at first decided that Valarin, the tongue of the Valar as it is called in the Elvish language Quenya, would be the proto-language of the Elves, the tongue Oromë taught to the speechless Elves. He then developed the Valarin tongue and a grammar for it in the early 1930s.[T 1] In the 1940s, he decided to drop that idea, and the tongue he had developed became Primitive Quendian instead.[T 2] He then conceived an entirely new tongue for the Valar, still called Valarin in Quenya.[T 3]
Internal story
editThe Valar as spiritual immortal beings have the ability to communicate through thought and have no need for a spoken language, but it appears that Valarin develops because of their assumption of physical, humanlike (or elf-like) forms. Valarin is unrelated to the other languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien. Only a few words (mainly proper names) of Valarin are recorded by the Elves.[1]
Early conception
editAccording to the earlier conception set forth in Tolkien's sociolinguistic text, the Lhammas, the Valarin language family is subdivided into Oromëan, the Dwarves' Khuzdul (Aulëan), and Melkor's Black Speech. In this work, all Elvish languages are descended from the tongue of Oromë, while the Dwarves speak the tongue devised by Aulë, and the Black Speech of the Orcs is invented for them by Melkor.[T 4] Tolkien placed Valarin at the root of each version of his "Tree of Tongues", indicating that in his conception at the time of the Lhammas, it was the original language from which developed all the languages of Middle-earth.[2] Tolkien attributed his "Descent of Tongues" to the Elvish linguist Rúmil, in one of his frame stories. His biographer John Garth comments that while Rúmil's lack of omniscience might seem convenient, saving Tolkien from having to work on Valarin in any detail, "the unknown is essential to the legendarium, part of the illusion of depth so vital to its aura of authenticity."[3][T 5]
The structure of the root of the first "Tree of Tongues" in the Lhammas is:[T 4]
| Valarin | |
Later conception
editValarin is alien to the ears of the Elves sometimes to the point of genuine displeasure,[T 6] and few of them ever learn the language, only adopting some Valarin words into their own language, Quenya. The Valar know Quenya and use it to converse with the Elves, or with each other if Elves are present. Valarin contains sounds that the Elves find difficult to produce, and the words are mostly long;[T 6] for example, the Valarin word for Telperion, one of the Two Trees of Valinor, Ibrîniðilpathânezel, has eight syllables. The Vanyar adopt more words into their Vanyarin Tarquesta dialect from Valarin than the Noldor, as they lived closer to the Valar. Some of the Elven names of the Valar, such as Manwë, Ulmo, and Oromë, are adapted loanwords of their Valarin names.[1]
Grammar
editAlmost nothing is known of the grammar of Valarin. A plural is formed with -um- as an infix; so, Mâchanâz becomes in the plural Mâchanumâz, meaning "Authorities, Aratar".[1]
Verb endings are not explained. Tolkien gives akašân as "he says" (present tense); dušamanûðân is "marred" (passive participle) and amanaišal as "unmarred" (hence Aman, the unmarred continent of the Valar), but he does not supply the roots of the associated verbs. The linguist Helge Fauskanger notes that the exact structure of the endings for these verb forms cannot be determined from this limited evidence.[1]
One other possibility relates to the word ayanûz, meaning Ainu, one of the Valar or Maiar; Fauskanger notes that Tolkien states that ayanu- means "the name of the Spirits of Eru's first creation", perhaps suggesting that from that root, ayanûz might be the nominative singular form.[1]
References
editPrimary
edit- ^ Tolkien 1987, ch. 7 The Lhammas
- ^ Tolkien 2009, p. 72 "Tengwesta Qenderinwa"
- ^ Tolkien 1994, pp. 397–407
- ^ a b Tolkien 1987 ch. 7 "The Lhammas"
- ^ Tolkien 2009, p. 23 "Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues", "Tengwesta Qenderinwa"
- ^ a b Tolkien 1994 p. 398
Secondary
edit- ^ a b c d e Fauskanger 2022.
- ^ Smith 2014, p. 209.
- ^ Garth 2010, pp. 324–330.
Sources
edit- Fauskanger, Helge Kåre (2022). "Valarin - like the glitter of swords". Ardalambion: Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented world of J.R.R. Tolkien. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- Garth, John (2010). "Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets Part 2 (review)". Tolkien Studies. 7 (1): 324–330. doi:10.1353/tks.0.0062. ISSN 1547-3163.
- Smith, Arden R. (2014). "Invented Languages and Writing Systems". A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118517468.ch14. ISBN 978-0-470-65982-3.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Lost Road and Other Writings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-45519-7.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The War of the Jewels. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-71041-3.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (2009). "Tengwesta Qenderinwa". Parma Eldalamberon (18): 72.