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University of Wrocław

(Redirected from University of Breslau)
"Leopoldina (university)" redirects here. For the German National Academy of Sciences, see Leopoldina (academy of sciences).

The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.[5]

University of Wrocław
Uniwersytet Wrocławski
Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis[1][2]
Former names
German: Leopoldina, Universität Breslau, Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau (before 1945)
TypePublic
Established21 October 1702; 322 years ago (1702-10-21) (reorganised 1945)
PresidentRobert Olkiewicz
Administrative staff
3,569[3]
Students20,293[4] (12.2023)
Location
Wrocław
,
Lower Silesian Voivodeship
,
Poland
CampusUrban
ColorsBlue
Websiteuwr.edu.pl

The university was founded in 1945, replacing the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.

History

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Leopoldina

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Proposed design of Leopoldina (never fully completed), 1760
Not to be confused with German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

The oldest mention of a university in Wrocław comes from the foundation deed signed on 20 July 1505 for the Generale litterarum Gymnasium in Wrocław by King Vladislaus II of Hungary (Polish: Władysław II Jagiellończyk) of the Polish Jagiellonian dynasty. However, the new academic institution requested by the town council was not built, because the King's deed was rejected by Pope Julius II for political reasons.[5] Also, the numerous wars and opposition from the University of Kraków might have played a role. The first successful founding deed known as the Aurea bulla fundationis Universitatis Wratislaviensis was signed two centuries later, on 1 October 1702, by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I of the House of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia.[5]

The predecessor facilities, which existed since 1638, were converted into Jesuit school, and finally, upon instigation of the Jesuits and with the support of the Silesian Oberamtsrat (Second Secretary) Johannes Adrian von Plencken, donated as a university in 1702 by Emperor Leopold I as a School of Philosophy and Catholic Theology with the designated name Leopoldina. On 15 November 1702, the university opened. Johannes Adrian von Plencken also became chancellor of the university. As a Catholic institute in Protestant Breslau, the new university was an important instrument of the Counter-Reformation in Silesia. After Silesia passed to Prussia, the university lost its ideological character, but remained a religious institution for the education of Catholic clergy in Prussia.

Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University in Breslau

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The University of Breslau, 19th century
 
Modern view of the Collegium Maximum

After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleon and the subsequent reorganisation of the Prussian state, the academy was merged on 3 August 1811 with the Protestant Viadrina University, previously located in Frankfurt (Oder), and re-established in Breslau as the Königliche Universität zu Breslau – Universitas litterarum Vratislaviensis (in 1911 named the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau, to honour the founder Frederick William III of Prussia). At first, the conjoint academy had five faculties: philosophy, medicine, law, Protestant theology, and Catholic theology.

Connected with the university were three theological seminars, a philological seminar, a seminar for German Philology, another seminar for Romanic and English philology, an historical seminar, a mathematical-physical one, a legal state seminar, and a scientific seminar. From 1842, the university also had a chair of Slavic Studies. The university had twelve different scientific institutes, six clinical centers, and three collections. An agricultural institute with ten teachers and forty-four students, comprising a chemical veterinary institute, a veterinary institute, and a technological institute, was added to the university in 1881. In 1884, the university had 1,481 students in attendance, with a faculty numbering 131.

 
Aula Leopoldina

The library in 1885 consisted of approximately 400,000 works, including about 2,400 incunabula, approximately 250 Aldines, and 2,840 manuscripts. These volumes came from the libraries of the former universities of Frankfurt and Breslau and from disestablished monasteries, and also included the oriental collections of the Bibliotheca Habichtiana and the academic Leseinstitut.

In addition, the university owned an observatory; a five-hectare botanical garden; a botanical museum and a zoological garden founded in 1862 by a joint-stock company; a natural history museum; zoological, chemical, and physical collections; the chemical laboratory; the physiological plant; a mineralogical institute; an anatomical institute; clinical laboratories; a gallery (mostly from churches, monasteries, etc.) full of old German works; the museum of Silesian antiquities; and the state archives of Silesia.

 
Fencer fountain on the university square, installed in 1904 and designed by Hugo Lederer

In the late 19th century, numerous internationally renowned and historically notable scholars lectured at the University of Breslau, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Ferdinand Cohn, and Gustav Kirchhoff among them. In 1817, Poles made up around 16% of the student body.[6][7] At the end of the 19th century around 10% of the students were Polish and 16% were Jewish.[8] This situation reflected the multi ethnic and international character of the university.[9] Both minorities, as well as the German students, established their own student organisations, called Burschenschaften. Polish student organisations included Concordia, Polonia, and a branch of the Sokol association. Many of the students came from other areas of partitioned Poland. The Jewish students unions were the Viadrina (founded 1886) and the Student Union (1899). Teutonia, a German Burschenschaft founded in 1817, was actually one of the oldest student fraternities in Germany, founded only two years after the Urburschenschaft. The Polish fraternities were all eventually disbanded by the German professor Felix Dahn,[7] and in 1913 Prussian authorities established a numerus clausus law that limited the number of Jews from non-German Eastern Europe (so called Ostjuden) that could study in Germany to at most 900. The University of Breslau was allowed to take 100.[10] As Germany turned to Nazism, the university became influenced by Nazi ideology. Polish students were beaten by NSDAP members just for speaking Polish.[11] In 1939, all Polish students were expelled and an official university declaration stated, "We are deeply convinced that [another] Polish foot will never cross the threshold of this German university".[12] In that same year, German scholars from the university worked on a scholarly thesis of historical justification for a "plan of mass deportation in Eastern territories"; among the people involved was Walter Kuhn, a specialist of Ostforschung. Other projects during World War II involved creating evidence to justify German annexation of Polish territories, and presenting Kraków and Lublin as German cities.[13][verification needed]

In January 2015, the university restored 262 PhD degrees stripped during the Nazi period from Jews and other scholars seen as hostile to the Nazis.[14]

University of Wrocław

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The University Church, vault

After the Siege of Breslau, the Red Army took the city in May 1945. Breslau, now known as Wrocław, became part of the Republic of Poland. The first Polish team of academics arrived in Wrocław in late May 1945 and took custody of the university buildings, which were 70% destroyed.[15] Parts of the collection of the university library perished during the Soviet offensive in 1945,[16] burned by soldiers on 10 May 1945, four days after the German garrison surrendered the city[citation needed].

University rankings
Global – Overall
CWTS World[17]710
QS World[18]801–1000
THE World[19]801–1000
USNWR Global[20]833
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[21]49 (2022)

Very quickly, some buildings were repaired, and a cadre of professors was built up, many coming from prewar Polish Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów and Stefan Batory University of Wilno.[15] Following postwar border shifts, thousands of former employees of the Lwów Library, the Jan Kazimierz University and Ossoliński National Institute moved to the city.[22] In mid-1948, over 60% of professors at the Wrocław University and Polytechnic were from Kresy, with academics from prewar Lwów playing a particularly important role in the newly established Polish institutions of higher learning. Stanisław Kulczyński from the University of Lwów was nominated the first president of the two Polish universities in Wrocław, while Edward Sucharda from the Lwów Polytechnic became the vice-president.[23]

The University of Wrocław was refounded as a Polish state university by the decree of the State National Council issued on 24 August 1945. The first lecture was given on 15 November 1945, by Ludwik Hirszfeld. Between 1952 and 1989 the university was named Bolesław Bierut University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski im. Bolesława Bieruta) after Bolesław Bierut, President of the Republic of Poland (1947–52).

In 2015, nearly 80 years after the fact, the university restored academic degrees stripped from German Jews by the Nazis owing to German anti-Semitism. "Wroclaw University estimates that in total some 262 people suffered a similar fate."[24]

Faculties

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Collegium Maximum of the University of Wrocław seen from the Old Town
 
Collegium Anthropologicum on Kuźnicza Street
 
Stanisław Baranowski Spitsbergen Polar Station
 
Astronomical Institute of the Wrocław University

There are 10 faculties that provide 44 areas of study, in which the language medium is mostly in Polish, with only some in English. The University of Wrocław provides Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral level programmes. The degree certificates awarded by UWr are recognised globally.

  • Faculty of Biotechnology
  • Faculty of Chemistry
  • Faculty of Philology
  • Faculty of Physics and Astronomy
  • Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
  • Faculty of Biological Sciences
  • Faculty of History and Pedagogy
  • Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences
  • Faculty of Social Sciences
  • Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics

Rectors

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Main article: List of rectors of the University of Wrocław
  • Stanisław Kulczyński (1945–1951)
  • Jan Mydlarski (1951–1953)
  • Edward Marczewski (1953–1957)
  • Kazimierz Szarski (1957–1959)
  • Witold Świda (1959–1962)
  • Alfred Jahn (1962–1968)
  • Włodzimierz Berutowicz (1968–1971)
  • Marian Orzechowski (1971–1975)
  • Kazimierz Urbanik (1975–1981)
  • Józef Łukaszewicz (1981–1982)
  • Henryk Ratajczak (1982–1984)
  • Jan Mozrzymas (1984–1987)
  • Mieczysław Klimowicz (1987–1990)
  • Wojciech Wrzesiński (1990–1995)
  • Roman Duda (1995–1999)
  • Romuald Gelles (1999–2002)
  • Zdzisław Latajka (2002–2005)
  • Leszek Pacholski (2005–2008)
  • Marek Bojarski (2008–2016)
  • Adam Jezierski (2016–2020)
  • Przemysław Wiszewski (2020–2022)
  • Robert Olkiewicz (since 2022)

People

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Honorary Doctorates

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. Sydney, New South Wales: William Brooks and Co. 1903. ISBN 9781112213304.
  2. ^ Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. Dublin, Ireland: Hodges, Figgis & Co. 1894. ISBN 9781355361602.
  3. ^ "Informacje ogólne - Uniwersytet Wrocławski".
  4. ^ "Higher education in the 2023/24 academic year" (in Polish). Statistics Poland. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  5. ^ a b c Małgorzata Porada (July 27, 2009). "Od jezuickiej Leopoldiny do polskiego Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego (From Jesuit Leopoldina to Polish University of Wrocław)". O nas (About Us) (in Polish). Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012. T. Kulak, M. Pater, W. Wrzesiński, Historia Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 1702-2002, Wrocław 2002
  6. ^ Mieczysław Pater, Historia Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Do Roku 1918, Wrocław, 1997, p. 297
  7. ^ a b Norman Davies: Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City, 2002, p. 245
  8. ^ Norman Davies: Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City, 2002, p. 305-307
  9. ^ Norman Davies: Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City, pages 110-115, 207-210
  10. ^ Norman Davies "Microcosm" page 337
  11. ^ Norman Davies "Microcosm" page 393
  12. ^ Norman Davies "Microcosm" page 394
  13. ^ Norman Davies Microcosm page 389, 390
  14. ^ "Poland University Restores 262 PhD's Stripped by Nazis". The Forward. January 8, 2015.
  15. ^ a b Iłowiecki, Maciej (1981). Dzieje nauki polskiej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 241. ISBN 83-223-1876-6.
  16. ^ Spence Richards, Pamela, ed. (2015). A History of Modern Librarianship: Constructing the Heritage of Western Cultures. Libraries Unlimited. p. 30. ISBN 978-1610690997.
  17. ^ CWTS Leiden Ranking 2019
  18. ^ QS World University Rankings 2020
  19. ^ World University Rankings 2018
  20. ^ Best Global Universities in Poland
  21. ^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  22. ^ Davies, Norman (2005). God's playground: a history of Poland in two volumes. Volume 2 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 382. ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
  23. ^ Thum, Gregor (2011). Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions. Princeton University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0691152912.
  24. ^ "Polish university to reinstate German Jews' titles stripped by Nazis". Telegraph.co.uk. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
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