The Ubangi River (/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/; Swahili: Mto Ubangi; French: Fleuve Oubangui; Dutch: Mubangi Stroom), also spelled Oubangui, is a river in Central Africa, and the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins at the confluence of the Mbomou (mean annual discharge 1,350 m3/s) and Uele Rivers (mean annual discharge 1,550 m3/s) and flows west, forming the border between Central African Republic (CAR) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Subsequently, the Ubangi bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui, the capital of the CAR, after which it flows south – forming the border between the DRC and the Republic of the Congo. The Ubangi finally joins the Congo River at Liranga.
| Ubangi River Oubangui | |
|---|---|
 Ubangi River at the outskirts of Bangui | |
 Map showing the Ubangi River drainage basin | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Confluence of Uele and Mbomou |
| • coordinates | 4°7′41.2824″N 22°25′59.682″E / 4.128134000°N 22.43324500°E |
| • elevation | 395 m (1,296 ft) |
| Mouth | Congo River |
• coordinates | 0°30′25.0992″S 17°42′20.4084″E / 0.506972000°S 17.705669500°E |
• elevation | 294 m (965 ft) |
| Length | 1,060 km (660 mi) to 1,120 km (700 mi)[1] |
| Basin size | 648,280.5 km2 (250,302.5 sq mi)[2] to 651,915 km2 (251,706 sq mi)[1] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Near mouth |
| • average | (Period: 1971–2000)5,630.4 m3/s (198,840 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 1911–1994)5,936 m3/s (209,600 cu ft/s)[1] |
| • minimum | 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 15,500 m3/s (550,000 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Bangui (550 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 493,266.9 km2 (190,451.4 sq mi) |
| • average | (Period: 1971–2000)4,004 m3/s (141,400 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 1911–1994)4,092 m3/s (144,500 cu ft/s)[4] 4,000 m3/s (140,000 cu ft/s)[3] |
| • minimum | 800 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s)[3] (Period: 1911–1994)930 m3/s (33,000 cu ft/s)[4] |
| • maximum | 11,000 m3/s (390,000 cu ft/s)[3] (Period: 1911–1994)9,115 m3/s (321,900 cu ft/s)[4] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Yakoma (1,120 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 308,763.1 km2 (119,214.1 sq mi) |
| • average | (Period: 1971–2000)2,799 m3/s (98,800 cu ft/s)[2] |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Congo → Atlantic Ocean |
| River system | Congo River |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Uele, Lua, Giri |
| • right | Mbomou, Kotto, Ouaka, Mpoko, Lobaye |
The Ubangi's length is about 1,060 km (660 mi). Its total length with the Uele, its longest tributary, is 2,270 km (1,410 mi). The Ubangi's drainage basin is about 651,915 km2 (251,706 sq mi). Mean annual discharge at mouth 5,936 m3/s. Its discharge at Bangui ranges from about 800 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m3/s (390,000 cu ft/s), with an average flow of about ~4,000 m3/s (140,000 cu ft/s).[3] It is believed that the Ubangi's upper reaches originally flowed into the Chari River and Lake Chad before being captured by the Congo in the early Pleistocene.[5]
Together with the Congo River, it provides an important transport artery for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville. From its source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, the Ubangi defines the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Thereafter, it forms the boundary between the DRC and the Republic of Congo until it empties into the Congo River.
Lake Chad replenishment project
editIn the 1960s,[6][7] a plan was proposed to divert waters from the Ubangi to the Chari River. According to the plan, named Transaqua, the water from the Ubangi would revitalize Lake Chad and provide a livelihood in fishing and enhanced agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans and Sahelians. Inter-basin water transfer schemes were proposed in the 1980s and 1990s by Nigerian engineer J. Umolu and the Italian firm Bonifica.[8][9][10][11][12]
In 1994, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) proposed a similar project, and at a March 2008 summit the heads of state of the LCBC member countries committed to the diversion project.[13] In April 2008, the LCBC advertised a request for proposals for a feasibility study.
References
edit- ^ a b c Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). "Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 66: 196–209. Bibcode:2018IJAEO..66..196B. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015. S2CID 6873734.
- ^ a b c d "Congo River".
- ^ a b c d Bossche, J.P. vanden; G. M. Bernacsek (1990). Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 338. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1.
- ^ a b c "Zaire-Bangui".
- ^ See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials, p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395
- ^ Ley, Willy (1960). Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True. Viking Press.
- ^ Zarembka, David (24 June 2019). "Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power". Cleantechnica. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- ^ "Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999" (PDF).
- ^ Fred Pearce. "Africa at a watershed". Archived from the original on 2009-03-31.
- ^ Umolu, J. C.; 1990, Macro Perspectives for Nigeria’s Water Resources Planning, Proc. of the First Biennial National Hydrology Symposium, Maiduguri, Nigeria, pp. 218–262 (discussion of Ubangi-Lake Chad diversion schemes)
- ^ The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. ISBN 0-415-05709-4
- ^ "Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)". Archived from the original on 2011-05-26.
- ^ "Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad".