A treenail, also trenail, trennel, or trunnel, is a wooden peg, pin, or dowel used to fasten pieces of wood together, especially in timber frames, covered bridges, wooden shipbuilding and boat building.[1] It is driven into a hole bored through two (or more) pieces of structural wood (mortise and tenon).
History and general use
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The use of wood as a tenon can be traced back over 7,000 years, as archaeologist have found traces of wood nails in the excavation of early Germanic sites.[2] Trenails are extremely economical and readily available, making them a common early building material.[3] Black Locust is a favorite wood when making trunnels in shipbuilding in North America[4][5] and English Oak in Europe[6][7] due to their strength and rot resistance, while red oak is typical in buildings.
Traditionally treenails and pegs were made by splitting bolts of wood with a froe and shaping them with a drawknife on a shaving horse. They can also be made with a tine-former, a hollow metal tube with a flaring flange on one end and a sharp edge on the other, usually mounted by the flange atop a low bench called a driving stool. Each roughly-shaped bolt of wood is placed above the sharp end of the pipe and hit with a wooden mallet, but not hard enough that the mallet hits the sharp edge of the pipe; the next billet drives the preceding one the rest of the way through, and it falls through a hole in the bench into a bucket.
Treenails are cut from a single piece of wood and perform well because of the natural grain. The grain of the treenail runs perpendicular to the grain of the receiving mortises which adds structural strength. Treenails are typically 1.25–1.5 inches (32–38 mm) in diameter and are hand whittled with rough facets. The mortise is drilled 1⁄16 inch (1.6 mm) smaller than the treenail to create a tight fit and take advantage of friction in the mortise. In cases where the treenail is 24 inches (61 cm) or longer, the treenail should be shaped 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) smaller than the other half. In the same case the mortise is drilled in two parts, with a smaller auger for the smaller part of the treenail and a typical auger for the standard part. Other trenails are tapered with the large end being 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) longer than the mortise. After treenails are hammered into the mortise, they can be trimmed, split, and wedged with a small piece of oak that increases friction force.[8] As an alternative to the wedge, the treenail can receive a plug or a punch to the center that expands the entire circumference. While this method prevents leaks by reducing gaps, plugs and punches are more likely to fall out in cold temperatures. Ideally, the nose of the treenail is driven 4–5 cm clear of the timber before being trimmed.[9]
Unlike metal nails, trenails can not be removed (without great effort) or reused. As the wood shrinks or expand the fibers create a friction that interlocks it into the mortise snugly. If a treenail breaks or fails but the wood it is fastening remains intact the remaining trenail can be cut out and replaced with a larger treenail that fits snugly. In addition, treenails have the ability to move over time and retain structural integrity.
Uses in building structures
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Early mortise and tenon trusses with spans of less than 30 feet (9 m) used treenail fasteners. When used in a truss, the connecting mortises are drilled off center such that when the treenail is inserted it creates a tighter joint. Because of the large number of trenails required in a truss, the treenails can be turned on a lathe with a head and a tapered end, often kept extra-long for the tightest fit. The bottom chord often requires 2–3 pegs and is the weakest part of the truss. Hence the treenail can not prevent failure in spans of over 30 feet (9 m). In cases where significant shrinkage may occur, it may be necessary to use iron U-straps or reinforcements.[10]
Uses in ships
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Ancient shipbuilding used treenails to bind the boat together. They had the advantage of not giving rise to "nail-sickness", a term for decay accelerated and concentrated around metal fasteners. Increased water content causes wood to expand, so that treenails gripped the planks tighter as they absorbed water.[11] However, when the treenail was a different wood species from the planking, it usually caused rot. Treenails and iron nails were most common until the 1780s when copper nails over copper sheathing became more popular.[3] As late as the 1870s, merchant ships used treenails and iron bolts, while higher quality ships used copper and yellow metal bolts and dumps. In the 1870s, treenails were typically used in a ratio of four treenails to one bolt, although sometimes more bolts were used. In later corvettes, the ratio was changed to two treenails to one bolt.[12]
Uses in railroads
editSimilar wooden treenail fastenings were used as alternatives to metal spikes to secure railroad rail-support "chairs" to wooden sleepers (ties) in early Victorian times. Treenails were extensively used constructing railroads in North England.[13]
References
edit- ^ Edwards, Jay Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. A Creole lexicon architecture, landscape, people. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. Print. 237.
- ^ Radkau, Joachim (2012). Wood: A History. Polity. ISBN 978-0745646886.
- ^ a b Johnson, W. (1986-01-01). "Historical and present-day references concerning impact on wood". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 4 (3): 161–174. doi:10.1016/0734-743X(86)95003-5.
- ^ Specter, Peter (1996). Planking and Fastening. WoodenBoat Books. p. 66. ISBN 9780937822418.
- ^ Spectre, Peter H. (1996). Planking and Fastening. WoodenBoat Books. ISBN 9780937822418.
- ^ Christy, Wyville (1904). Practical Treatise on the Joints Made and Used by Builders in the Construction of Various Kinds of Engineering and Architectural Works ... C. Lockwood and son. p. 99.
- ^ Christy, Wyville J. (1904). "Practical Treatise on the Joints Made and Used by Builders in the Construction of Various Kinds of Engineering and Architectural Works".
- ^ Curtis, W.H. (1919). The Elements of Wood Ship Construction. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company.
- ^ Adams, J.R. (2013). A Maritime Archaeology of Ships: Innovation and Social Change in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1842172971.
- ^ Nelson, Lee H. (1996). "Early Wooden Truss Connections vs. Wood Shrinkage: From Mortise-and-Tenon Joints to Bolted Connections". APT Bulletin. 27 (1/2): 11–23. doi:10.2307/1504495. JSTOR 1504495.
- ^ Kettunen, P. O., Wood Structure and Properties. Uetikon-Zuerich: Trans Tech Publications, 2006. 377. Print.
- ^ Thearle, Samuel James Pope (1876). Naval Architecture: A Treatise on Laying Off and Building Wood, Iron, and Composite Ships. W. Collins, Sons & Company. p. 232.
wood architecture treenails.
- ^ The Civil engineer & [and] architect's journal. Kent. 1841.