Wikipedia

The Italian Job

This article is about the 1969 film. For other uses, see The Italian Job (disambiguation).

The Italian Job is a 1969 British comedy caper film written by Troy Kennedy Martin, produced by Michael Deeley, directed by Peter Collinson, and starring Michael Caine. The film's plot centres on Cockney criminal Charlie Croker, recently released from prison, who forms a gang for the job of stealing a cache of gold bullion being transported through the city of Turin, Italy, in an armoured security truck.

The Italian Job
Original theatrical release poster
Directed byPeter Collinson
Written byTroy Kennedy Martin
Produced byMichael Deeley
Starring
CinematographyDouglas Slocombe
Edited byJohn Trumper
Music byQuincy Jones
Production
company
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
  • 5 June 1969 (1969-06-05)
[1]
Running time
99 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3 million[2]
Box office$9 million[3]

In addition to Caine, the cast also included Benny Hill, Raf Vallone, Tony Beckley and Noël Coward; the film was Coward's last before his retirement from acting. The soundtrack was composed by Quincy Jones, featuring the songs "On Days Like These", sung by Matt Monro over the opening credits, and "Getta Bloomin' Move On" (usually referred to as "The Self-Preservation Society", after its chorus) during the climactic car chase, which featured Caine among its singers.[4]

The film proved a success upon its release, earning critical acclaim amongst critics for the performances by Caine and Coward, the film's reflection of British culture from the period, and the climactic car chase. The Italian Job became a cult symbol of British filmography and was ranked favourably in the top 100 British films by the British Film Institute. Several elements became symbolic cult features, including a rare never-resolved cliffhanger ending,[5][6] and Caine's famous line about only blowing the doors off.

The popularity of The Italian Job led to several parodies and allusions in other films and productions, including the 2005 episode of The Simpsons titled "The Italian Bob", and a re-enactment of the Mini Cooper car-chase in the MacGyver episode "Thief of Budapest".[7][8][9] The film itself was later given a video game adaptation in 2001, before receiving a remake in 2003. A charity event titled The Italian Job, founded in 1990 and held annually, was inspired by the film; as of 2020, it had raised nearly £3,000,000.[10] Marking the 50th anniversary of the film in June 2019, stunt drivers in red, white and blue Coopers recreated parts of the film's car-chase around Turin at the grounds of Mini's Oxford factory.[11]

Plot

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Driving through the Alps, thief Roger Beckerman is killed when his car crashes into a bulldozer parked in a tunnel by the Mafia, who dispose of him and his car by pushing it over a cliff and into the river below. Meanwhile, his friend and fellow thief Charlie Croker is released from prison, reuniting with his girlfriend Lorna to enjoy his first taste of freedom. Leaving her to meet with Beckerman for a job he was planning in Italy, Croker is shocked to meet his widow instead. She insists he continue her late husband's plan, which he had completed before his death, of an ambitious heist of $4 million in gold bullion from a security convoy intended as a down payment to Fiat by China for a car factory.

Croker breaks back into prison to ask British nationalist crime lord Mr. Bridger for financial backing. Initially unconvinced, Bridger soon offers support when he learns of the heist's target. With help from Bridger's organisation, run by his right-hand man Camp Freddie, Croker recruits a crew of specialists, including Lorna and computer expert Professor Simon Peach – the latter needed for sabotaging Turin's traffic control system. After finalising preparations, Croker and his team are summoned by Bridger to a fake funeral ceremony, where he informs them that the Mafia killed Beckermann because of his planned heist, advising them to be careful, but not to return without the gold.

After leaving for Italy, Croker and some of his crew split off from the others while en route to Turin, to avoid raising suspicion. However, the small group soon encounters the Mafia, led by their boss Altabani, who ambushes them in the Alps and destroys their cars the same way he did to Beckerman's. Croker narrowly manages to talk his way out of getting him and his crew murdered. Later that night, his crew successfully infiltrates the Turin traffic control centre and Peach replaces one of the computer's magnetic-tape data storage reels with a duplicate designed to sabotage Turin's traffic control system on the day of the heist. The next day, as the gold arrives at the airport and the crew prepares for the heist, Croker sends Lorna to Geneva to protect her and the plan. At the same time, Peach absconds from the crew and is later arrested for molesting a woman on a tram.

With the city's CCTV cameras sabotaged and the Turin traffic control system malfunctioning, a massive traffic jam builds up. The crew intercepts the gold convoy outside the Museo Egizio as it is stalled by the traffic jam. They swiftly subdue the police, tow the armored car with the gold into a building, and divide the gold between the boots of three Mini Coopers. Most of the crew then escape the building disguised as football fans, while Croker leads the rest out of the city in the Minis—following an ingenious route designed by Beckerman, over stairs, pedestrian streets, rooftops and sewers. As Mr. Bridger gets word of the successful heist and then celebrates in prison with his fellow prisoners and prison staff, the crew escapes from Turin with the gold, and rendezvous with a modified coach to collect the Minis before they reach the Alps. Once aboard, the group unloads the gold, disposes of the Minis in the Alps, and collects the rest of the crew.

During a reckless celebration while driving through the Alps, the coach driver loses control of the vehicle and ends up spinning out, with the rear of the coach teetering precariously over a cliff. The crew stand at the front of the coach in an attempt to balance the weight of the gold at the rear. Croker slowly crawls towards the gold which slides ever further from him. Finally, he turns to the crew and declares: "Hang on a minute lads. I've got a great idea."

Cast

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Production

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Writing

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According to producer Michael Deeley the film started "as a modest concept for a TV drama concerning a robbery set in and around a traffic jam in London's hectic Oxford Street thoroughfare," that was originally conceived by Ian Kennedy Martin. Ian's brother Troy would eventually buy the idea from him "with the vision of creating a feature film set in Italy."[12]

Ending

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According to a "Making Of" documentary,[13] producer Deeley was unsatisfied with the four written endings and conceived the current ending as a literal cliffhanger appropriate to an action film which left an opportunity for a sequel. The documentary describes how helicopters would save the bus seen on the cliff at the end of the first film. In interviews in 2003 and 2008, Michael Caine revealed that the ending would have had Croker "crawl up, switch on the engine and stay there for four hours until all the petrol runs out... The van bounces back up so we can all get out, but then the gold goes over."[14] In Deeley's own memoirs, he stated that a sequel would have had an opening involving helicopters lifting the bus up to separate the men and the gold that then sees it taken by the Mafia, who proceed to push the bus off into the ravine.[15]

In 2008, the Royal Society of Chemistry held a competition for a solution that had a basis in science, was to take not more than 30 minutes and did not use a helicopter.[16] The idea was to promote greater understanding of science, and to highlight the 100th anniversary of the periodic table, on which gold is one of the 118 elements.[14] The winning entry, by John Godwin of Surrey, was to break and remove two large side windows just aft of the pivot point and let the glass fall outside to lose its weight; break two windows over the two front axles, keeping the broken glass on board to keep its weight for balance; let a man out on a rope through the front broken windows (not to rest his weight on the ground) who deflates all the bus's front tyres, to reduce the bus's rocking movement about its pivot point; drain the fuel tank, which is aft of the pivot point, which changes the balance enough to let a man get out and gather heavy rocks to load the front of the bus. Unload the bus. Wait until a suitable vehicle passes on the road, hijack it, and carry the gold away in it.[17]

Locations

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The roof of the Palavela in Turin (pictured in 1961) where the three Minis are pursued by a police car before they go back down it and escape

The interior of the prison that held Bridger was Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin, Ireland. The exterior, seen when Croker leaves, is HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs in west London. Upon his release, Croker stays at the Royal Lancaster Hotel in Bayswater, London. Denbigh Close, Notting Hill, W11, was used as the location for Croker's home.[18]

The training sessions shown for the Mini drivers were at the Crystal Palace race track in Upper Norwood, South London. The attempt to blow off the doors of the bullion van, which caused its total destruction and produced Croker's line "You're only supposed to blow the bloody doors off!", took place at Crystal Palace Sports Centre. The Crystal Palace transmitter can be seen in the background. The meeting at the misty funeral was filmed in Cruagh Cemetery, in the foothills of the Dublin Mountains. The office block that doubled as the Turin traffic control centre was Apex House in Hanworth, Middlesex, the then head office of the television rental chain Thorn (DER).[13]

 
A display of a Mini emerging from a sewer tunnel in Coventry Transport Museum

The chase sequences were filmed in Turin, except for the chase through the sewer tunnel, which was shot in the Sowe Valley Sewer Duplication system in the Stoke Aldermoor district of Coventry in the English Midlands, filmed from the back of a Mini Moke.[13] The person on the far side who closes the gate at the end of the sewer tunnel is the director, Peter Collinson. Collinson also appeared in the scene on the highway when the ramps get jettisoned, clinging to the right-hand rear door of the coach as the Minis enter at speed.[13]

A portion of the car chase was filmed as a dance between the Minis and police cars with a full orchestra playing "The Blue Danube" inside Pier Luigi Nervi's Palazzo Esposizioni, usually used for the Turin Motor Show (and now a hospital library). The sequence was deleted from the final cut but is readily available to view.[13]

The final escape from Turin was filmed on the road from Ceresole Reale via Lago Agnel to Nivolet Pass (the highway does not lead to France or Switzerland because it is a dead end).

Vehicles

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Minis on display at Bardney Heritage Centre

Roger Beckermann's orange Lamborghini Miura in the opening scene is actually two cars. The first was a Miura P400 that was sold as new afterwards. In 2015, it was located and authenticated by classic car expert Iain Tyrrell.[19] The second car, tumbled down the chasm by the Mafia bulldozer, was another Miura that had previously been in a serious accident and was not roadworthy. Lamborghini confirmed in May 2019 that the Italian Job Miura had chassis number 3586.[20]

The Minis featured in the climactic chase were 1275cc Austin Mini Cooper S models. Production took place just as the manufacturer, the British Motor Corporation was preparing for the introduction of the Mk2 Mini, which was launched just before the film's public release. The Minis used were 1967 Mk1 models, fitted with future-dated 1969 G-suffix number plates to match the year of the film's intended release, despite that any 1969-registered Mini would be a Mk2, not a Mk1. BMC provided six new Minis (two of each colour) to the production at cost price. A further 25 were bought on the secondhand market via BMC's agent in Switzerland. Ten of these secondhand cars were Cooper S models and the remainder were standard 848cc models which were modified to various degrees to match the genuine 'star cars' as required for filming. All 16 Mini Coopers were destroyed or rendered unroadworthy in the course of filming, along with nine of the replica cars, leaving six 848cc replicas surviving intact. These were abandoned in the film crew's storage unit in Turin when filming concluded and their subsequent history is unknown.

Gold cost $38.69 per troy ounce in 1968,[21] so four million dollars in gold bars would have weighed about 3,200 kg (7,100 lb), requiring each of the three Minis to carry about 1,070 kg (2,360 lb) in addition to the driver and passenger. Since a 1968 Mini only weighs 630 kg (1,390 lb), each of these vehicles would have had to carry 1 1⁄2 times its own weight in gold.[22]

The original Aston Martin DB4 belongs today to a private English collection. According to several sources, the "Aston" pushed off the cliff was a Vignale Lancia Flaminia mocked up as an Aston. The two Jaguar E-Types that suffered from the Mafia's revenge were restored to original condition.[23]

A Land Rover Series IIa Estate, registration BKO 686C, was used to get to the convoy before attacking and was modified with window bars and a towbar. A Ford Thames 400E was used for the football fans' decorated van; this was referred to as the Dormobile, the name of a common camper-van conversion coachbuilder. The cross-Channel ferry featured in one scene is the MS Free Enterprise I. The ship spent many years as a day cruise ship in Greek waters before being scrapped in 2013. The "Chinese" plane delivering the gold to Turin is a rare Douglas C-74 Globemaster, of which only 14 were built and only four passed into private ownership. It had been abandoned in Milan by its owners and was moved to Turin for filming. It was destroyed by fire in 1970.[24]

The black Fiat Dino coupé of Mafia boss Altabani was bought by Peter Collinson but became so rusty that only its doors remain.[25]

The bus used to transport the three Mini Coopers was a Bedford VAL with Harrington Legionnaire bodywork, registration ALR 453B, new in April 1964 and specially converted for the film.[26]

Music

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Main article: The Italian Job (soundtrack)

The music for the soundtrack was written by Quincy Jones. The opening theme, "On Days Like These", had lyrics by Don Black and was sung by Matt Monro. The closing theme, "Get a Bloomin' Move On" (a.k.a. "The Self Preservation Society"), was performed by the cast and had lyrics featuring Cockney Rhyming Slang. Many incidental themes are based on British patriotic songs, such as "Rule, Britannia!", "The British Grenadiers" and "God Save the Queen".

Release

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The film opened at the Plaza Cinema in London on 5 June 1969.[1]

Reception

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Poster for the American release. The film's lack of success in this market was blamed partly on its perceived unattractive and misleading promotion

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% and an average rating of 7.5/10, based on 33 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Italian Job is a wildly fun romp that epitomizes the height of Britannia style."[27] On Metacritic it has a score of 70% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews.[28] Most positive reviews focus on the climactic car chase and the acting of both Michael Caine and Noël Coward, complementing Peter Collinson's directing. It is considered highly evocative of 1960s London and the era in Britain as a whole.[29] In a modern review Nik Higgins of Future Movies claims that the film makes Austin Powers's wardrobe appear "drab and grey". He compliments Michael Caine's ability to effectively portray the character of Charlie.[30]

In 1999, it was ranked No. 36 on the BFI Top 100 British films by the British Film Institute. In November 2004, Total Film named The Italian Job the 27th greatest British film of all time.[31] In 2011, it was voted the best British film in a poll of film fans conducted by Sky Movies HD.[32] The line "You're only supposed to blow the bloody doors off!" by Caine was voted favourite film one-liner in a 2003 poll of 1,000 film fans.[33] One of the most discussed end scenes in film, what happened to the coachload of gold teetering over the edge of a cliff, has been debated in the decades since the film was released.[34][35]

Vincent Canby, writing at the time of the film's release, felt that the caper film had been made before and much better as well. He complimented the film's technological sophistication, only criticising what he saw as an "emotionally retarded" plot. Canby also expressed concern that Coward's appearance in the film, although intended to be kind, "exploits him in vaguely unpleasant ways" by surrounding his character with images of the royal family, which had not knighted him at the time. A contemporary review in Time magazine felt that the film spent too much time focusing on the film's caper as opposed to building the characters; it also criticised the car chases as "dull and deafening".[36]

The movie was the 14th most popular at the UK box office in 1969.[37] Although it received a Golden Globe nomination for "Best English-Language Foreign Film", the film was not a success in the US. The film remains popular, however. James Travers of Films de France believes that the film's enduring appeal rests in the "improbable union" of Michael Caine, Noël Coward and Benny Hill, whom he considers "three of the best known [British] performers [...] in the late 1960s". He states that the film has a cult status and stands as a "classic of its genre".[29]

Legacy

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Since 2000, there have been two remakes of the film. The first was released in 2003 and also called The Italian Job, set in Los Angeles and starring Mark Wahlberg as Charlie Croker. It features Donald Sutherland as John Bridger, played as more of a father figure to Croker. It employs the updated Mini Cooper for a chase towards the end. An official Bollywood remake of the 2003 film, called Players, was released in 2012.[38]

 
The artwork Hang On A Minute Lads, I've Got A Great Idea by Richard Wilson on the De La Warr Pavilion in Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex, England.

There is a video game based on the 1969 film, released for the PlayStation game console in 2001 and Microsoft Windows in 2002 and published by Rockstar Games. The film was also the subject of a play, Bill Shakespeare's "The Italian Job", written by Malachi Bogdanov, who used lines from Shakespeare plays to tell the story. It was performed in 2003 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[39]

Michael Caine's performance and "bloody doors" line have been parodied in several British comedies, and in a music video for "Pick a Part That's New" by Stereophonics. Large portions of the car chase scenes were lifted directly from the film for use in the MacGyver episode "Thief of Budapest" (Series 1, Ep 3), with the main characters setting up the story with three Minis visible at the start of the episode. Most of the end of the episode is footage from The Italian Job.[40]

As part of a celebration of British culture at 2012 Summer Olympics, which were held in London, a replica of the bus was made and was exhibited balanced on the edge of the roof of The De La Warr Pavilion in Bexhill-on-Sea.[41] The dialogue and car blowing up scene were shown at the closing ceremony.[42]

In September 2016, NBC and Paramount Television began work on a TV series inspired by the original and the remake,[43] though this never surpassed the development stage.[44] In 2001, author Matthew Field released a book The Making of The Italian Job,[45] and to celebrate 50 years since the film's release he has published a new and updated version, The Self Preservation Society.[46]

In February 2021, it was announced that a sequel TV series would be released on Paramount . It is set to revolve around Croker's grandchildren, who inherit his old safety deposit box, and a quest to find the Italian bullion is reignited. Matt Wheeler will write and executive produce the series, while Donald De Line will produce, after previously doing so for the 2003 remake.[44]

Historic computer security significance

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The film depicts an early example of an attack against a computer system, or "hacking," as a major part of a plot.[47] Key elements of the attack include the insertion of malicious software onto magnetic-tape data storage. A physical security breach allows the tape to be inserted into the computer which controls the traffic system (SCADA) for Turin, at the same time several cameras are de-activated during the course of the film by devices which cause interference. The result is a focused denial-of-service attack which allows the characters to escape with the stolen gold.

Notes

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This classic acclaimed movie was a major WOR staple, airing on the station throughout the 1970s.

References

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  1. ^ a b "On This Day: The Italian Job". Art & Hue. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  2. ^ Deeley, Michael (2009). Blade runners, deer hunters and blowing the bloody doors off : My life in cult movies. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-038-6.
  3. ^ Deeley, Michael (2009). Blade runners, deer hunters and blowing the bloody doors off : My life in cult movies. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-038-6.
  4. ^ "The Film – Soundtrack". The Italian Job.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  5. ^ "I had a better idea': writer's original finish for 'Italian Job". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  6. ^ "At last Michael Caine reveals ending to the Italian Job". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  7. ^ "As If: 312 (Italian Job)". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  8. ^ "The Simpsons: The Italian Bob". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  9. ^ "MacGyver: 103 (Thief of Budapest)". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  10. ^ "The Italian Job". The Italian Job. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  11. ^ "The Italian Job 50th anniversary: exclusive interview with David Salamone". British GQ. 2 December 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  12. ^ Deeley, Michael (2009). Blade Runners, Deer Hunters, & Blowing the Bloody Doors Off. Pegasus Books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781605980386.
  13. ^ a b c d e The Making of "The Italian Job" at IMDb
  14. ^ a b "Caine reveals Italian Job ending". BBC News. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  15. ^ Deeley, Michael (2009). Blade runners, deer hunters and blowing the bloody doors off : My life in cult movies. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-038-6.
  16. ^ Press Office (20 October 2008). ""Italian Job" cliff-hanger solution sought". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  17. ^ Adams, Stephen (23 January 2009). "Cliffhanger climax to The Italian Job solved after 40-year wait". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  18. ^ "Mews News". Lurot Brand. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  19. ^ "iaintyrrell.co.uk/media". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  20. ^ "The Italian Job's lost Lamborghini Miura has been found". Sunday Times Driving. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  21. ^ "Historical Gold Charts and Data". Kitco. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  22. ^ Reed, Chris (2003). Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000. Croydon, UK: Motor Racing Publications. ISBN 9781899870608.
  23. ^ Milloy, David (10 April 2019). "Tempus Fugit: the vehicles of The Italian Job 50 years on". influx. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  24. ^ Kuris, Jeremy (25 March 2002). "USAF Serial Number Search Results". Aircraft Serial Number Search. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  25. ^ https://motor-car.net/film-tv/item/14433-italian-job Italian Job vehicle's
  26. ^ "Other vehicles". The Italian Job. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  27. ^ "The Italian Job (1969)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  28. ^ "The Italian Job". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  29. ^ a b Travers, James. "The Italian Job (1969)". Films de France. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  30. ^ Huggins, Nik (15 May 2009). "The Italian Job (1969)". Future Movies. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  31. ^ "November 2004: Issue 95". Total Film. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on 29 March 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  32. ^ Sinclair, Lulu (9 January 2011). "Just The Job: Caine Classic Tops Movie Poll". Sky News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  33. ^ Paterson, Michael (10 March 2003). "Caine takes top billing for the greatest one-liner on screen". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  34. ^ "I had a better idea': writer's original finish for 'Italian Job". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  35. ^ "At last Michael Caine reveals ending to the Italian Job". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Cinema: Britannia Waives the Rules". Time. 19 September 1969. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  37. ^ "The World's Top Twenty Films". Sunday Times. 27 September 1970 – via The Sunday Times Digital Archive.
  38. ^ Bhushan, Nyay (23 November 2010). "India to Remake 'The Italian Job'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  39. ^ Lathan, Peter (2003). "Fringe 2003 Reviews (20)". The British Theatre Guide. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  40. ^ "#34: Thief of Budapest". The MacGyver Project. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  41. ^ "Italian Job | Meridian". ITV News. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012.
  42. ^ "London 2012 Olympic Games end with a party". Channel 4 News. Channel 4. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  43. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (28 September 2016). "'The Italian Job' Drama Series Inspired By Movies Set At NBC From Paramount TV". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  44. ^ a b Otterson, Joe (24 February 2021). "'Italian Job' Sequel Series, 'Love Story' TV Adaptation in the Works at Paramount Plus". Variety. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  45. ^ Field, Matthew. (2001). The making of The Italian job. Martin, Troy Kennedy, 1932-2009. London: B.T. Batsford. ISBN 0713486821. OCLC 48972127.
  46. ^ Field, Matthew (2019). The Self Preservation Society: 50 Years of The Italian Job. Porter Press International. ISBN 978-1907085864. OCLC 1099316716.
  47. ^ Gordon, Damian (2010). "Forty years of movie hacking: considering the potential implications of the popular media representation of computer hackers from 1968 to 2008". International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions. 2 (1/2): 59. doi:10.1504/IJITST.2010.031472. ISSN 1748-569X.
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