"The Charge of the Light Brigade" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He wrote the original version on 2 December 1854, and it was published on 9 December 1854 in The Examiner. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time. The poem was subsequently revised and expanded for inclusion in Maud and Other Poems (1855).
| The Charge of the Light Brigade | |
|---|---|
 Richard Caton Woodville Jr.'s 1894 painting of the eponymous Charge of the Light Brigade, the event that inspired the poem | |
| Written | 2 December 1854 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Publication date | 9 December 1854 |
| Metre | Dactylic metre |
| Full text | |
 The Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson) at Wikisource | |
History
editComposition
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During 1854, when the United Kingdom was engaged in the Crimean War, Tennyson wrote several patriotic poems under various pseudonyms. Scholars speculate that Tennyson created his pen names because these verses used a traditional structure Tennyson employed in his earlier career but suppressed during the 1840s,[1] worrying that poems like "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (which he initially signed only A.T.) "might prove not to be decorous for a poet laureate".[2]
The poem was written after the Light Cavalry Brigade suffered great casualties in the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote the poem based on two articles published in The Times: the first, published on 13 November 1854, contained the sentence "The British soldier will do his duty, even to certain death, and is not paralyzed by the feeling that he is the victim of some hideous blunder," the last three words of which provided the inspiration for his phrase "Some one had blunder'd."[3] The poem was written in a few minutes on 2 December of the same year, based on a recollection of The Times's account;[4] Tennyson wrote other similar poems, like "Riflemen Form!", in a very similar manner.[5]
Later versions
editTennyson made revisions to the poem due to criticisms by the American poet Frederick Goddard Tuckerman and others;[6] these were published in Tennyson's volume Maud and Other Poems (1855). These changes were criticized by several, including both Tennyson and Tuckerman.[citation needed]
At the suggestion of Jane, Lady Franklin, Tennyson sent a thousand copies of a single-sheet version of the poem to be distributed among soldiers in the Crimea.[7] For this he rethought the revisions in Maud and Other Poems, and this rethought version was used for the second edition of Maud, in 1856.[8]
Tennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890.
Kipling's postscript
editRudyard Kipling wrote "The Last of the Light Brigade" (1891) some 40 years after the appearance of "The Charge of the Light Brigade". His poem focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.[9][page needed]
First draft
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Cultural references
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- The poem is referenced in Jack and Jill by Louisa May Alcott (1880) as mother and children discuss the gallant fall of the soldiers rather than disobeying orders. [10]
- The poem is referenced in Eugene V. Debs's Canton Speech (1918) protesting against World War I.[11]
- Lines from the poem are frequently referenced in To the Lighthouse (1927) by Virginia Woolf.
- The poem is recited by Alfalfa in Two Too Young (1936).
- The photograph Into the Jaws of Death (1944) depicting the Normandy landings in World War II is titled after a line in the poem's third stanza.[12]
- "The world wonders" is a near quotation misunderstood in a communication during the Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) in World War II.
- The poem is recited by James Stewart's character in Magic Town (1947).
- Passages from this poem are recited in Soldier Blue (1970) in lieu of a prayer after a cavalry group is massacred by the Cheyenne.
- Lines from the poem is quoted at the end of When The Wind Blows (1982).
- The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song "The Trooper" (1983).[13]
- The second stanza of this poem is recited an episode of Top Gear (2014).[14]
- The poem is quoted by "Commander" Shears in The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957).
References
edit- ^ Francis 1976, p. 113.
- ^ Shannon & Ricks 1985, p. 3.
- ^ Shannon & Ricks 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Shannon & Ricks 1985, p. 2.
- ^ Francis 1976, p. 115.
- ^ Shannon & Ricks 1985, p. 7.
- ^ Alfred Lord Tennyson, Poems, ed. Hallam Lord Tennyson and annotated by Alfred Lord Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1908), II, 369; Shannon and Ricks 8.
- ^ Shannon & Ricks 1985, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Brighton, Terry (2013). Hell riders : the true story of the charge of the Light Brigade. New York. ISBN 978-1466859678. OCLC 864822057.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Alcott, Louisa May (1880). Jack and Jill, A Village Story. Chapter 14.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Eugene V. Deb's Canton Speech, 1918". college.cengage.com. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ "Into the Jaws of Death: United States Troops Wading Through Water and Nazi Gunfire". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
- ^ "Iron Maiden". Ironmaidenbeer.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Douglas, Steven (7 April 2018). "Follow Top Gear's Incredible Road Trip Through Ukraine – Part 1". grandtournation.com. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Francis, Elizabeth A. (1976). "Tennyson's Political Poetry, 1852–1855". Victorian Poetry. 14 (2): 113–123. JSTOR 40002377.
- Shannon, Edgar & Ricks, Christopher (1985). "'The Charge of the Light Brigade': The Creation of a Poem". Studies in Bibliography. 38: 1–44. JSTOR 40371812.
External links
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- Manuscript in Tennyson's handwriting at Archive.org
The Charge of the Light Brigade public domain audiobook at LibriVox- The words of The Charge of the Light Brigade at Poets.org