There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (52Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Te) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and 130Te undergo double beta decay with half-lives of, respectively, 2.2×1024 (2.2 septillion) years (the longest half-life of all nuclides proven to be radioactive)[5] and 8.2×1020 (820 quintillion) years. The longest-lived artificial radioisotope of tellurium is 121Te with a half-life of about 19 days. Several nuclear isomers have longer half-lives, the longest being 121mTe with a half-life of 154 days.
The very-long-lived radioisotopes 128Te and 130Te are the two most common isotopes of tellurium. Of elements with at least one stable isotope, only indium and rhenium likewise have a radioisotope in greater abundance than a stable one.
It has been claimed that electron capture of 123Te was observed, but more recent measurements of the same team have disproved this.[6] The half-life of 123Te is longer than 9.2 × 1016 years, and probably much longer.[6]
124Te can be used as a starting material in the production of radionuclides by a cyclotron or other particle accelerators. Some common radionuclides that can be produced from tellurium-124 are iodine-123 and iodine-124.
The short-lived isotope 135Te (half-life 19 seconds) is produced as a fission product in nuclear reactors. It decays, via two beta decays, to 135Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the cause of the iodine pit phenomenon.
With the exception of beryllium, tellurium is the second lightest element observed to have isotopes capable of undergoing alpha decay, with isotopes 104Te to 109Te being seen to undergo this mode of decay. Some lighter elements, namely those in the vicinity of 8Be, have isotopes with delayed alpha emission (following proton or beta emission) as a rare branch.
List of isotopes
edit| Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[7] [n 2][n 3] |
Half-life[1] [n 4][n 5] |
Decay mode[1] [n 6] |
Daughter isotope [n 7] |
Spin and parity[1] [n 8][n 5] |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excitation energy | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
| 104Te | 52 | 52 | 103.94672(34) | <4 ns | α | 100Sn | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 105Te | 52 | 53 | 104.94330(32) | 633(66) ns | α | 101Sn | (7/2 ) | ||||||||||||
| 106Te | 52 | 54 | 105.93750(11) | 78(11) μs | α | 102Sn | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 107Te | 52 | 55 | 106.93488(11)# | 3.22(9) ms | α (70%) | 103Sn | 5/2 # | ||||||||||||
| β (30%) | 107Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| 108Te | 52 | 56 | 107.9293805(58) | 2.1(1) s | α (49%) | 104Sn | 0 | ||||||||||||
| β (48.6%) | 108Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| β , p (2.4%) | 107Sn | ||||||||||||||||||
| β , α (<0.065%) | 104In | ||||||||||||||||||
| 109Te | 52 | 57 | 108.9273045(47) | 4.4(2) s | β (86.7%) | 109Sb | (5/2 ) | ||||||||||||
| β , p (9.4%) | 108Sn | ||||||||||||||||||
| α (3.9%) | 105Sn | ||||||||||||||||||
| β , α (<0.0049%) | 105In | ||||||||||||||||||
| 110Te | 52 | 58 | 109.9224581(71) | 18.6(8) s | β | 110Sb | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 111Te | 52 | 59 | 110.9210006(69) | 26.2(6) s | β | 111Sb | (5/2) | ||||||||||||
| β , p (?%) | 110Sn | ||||||||||||||||||
| 112Te | 52 | 60 | 111.9167278(90) | 2.0(2) min | β | 112Sb | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 113Te | 52 | 61 | 112.915891(30) | 1.7(2) min | β | 113Sb | (7/2 ) | ||||||||||||
| 114Te | 52 | 62 | 113.912088(26) | 15.2(7) min | β | 114Sb | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 115Te | 52 | 63 | 114.911902(30) | 5.8(2) min | β | 115Sb | 7/2 | ||||||||||||
| 115m1Te[n 9] | 10(6) keV | 6.7(4) min | β | 115Sb | (1/2 ) | ||||||||||||||
| 115m2Te | 280.05(20) keV | 7.5(2) μs | IT | 115Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| 116Te | 52 | 64 | 115.908466(26) | 2.49(4) h | β | 116Sb | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 117Te | 52 | 65 | 116.908646(14) | 62(2) min | EC (75%) | 117Sb | 1/2 | ||||||||||||
| β | 117Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| 117mTe | 296.1(5) keV | 103(3) ms | IT | 117Te | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| 118Te | 52 | 66 | 117.905860(20) | 6.00(2) d | EC | 118Sb | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 119Te | 52 | 67 | 118.9064057(78) | 16.05(5) h | EC (97.94%) | 119Sb | 1/2 | ||||||||||||
| β (2.06%) | 119Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| 119mTe | 260.96(5) keV | 4.70(4) d | EC (99.59%) | 119Sb | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| β (0.41%) | 119Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| 120Te | 52 | 68 | 119.9040658(19) | Observationally Stable[n 10] | 0 | 9(1)×10−4 | |||||||||||||
| 121Te | 52 | 69 | 120.904945(28) | 19.31(7) d | β | 121Sb | 1/2 | ||||||||||||
| 121mTe | 293.974(22) keV | 164.7(5) d | IT (88.6%) | 121Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| β (11.4%) | 121Sb | ||||||||||||||||||
| 122Te | 52 | 70 | 121.9030447(15) | Stable | 0 | 0.0255(12) | |||||||||||||
| 123Te | 52 | 71 | 122,9042710(15) | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 1/2 | 0.0089(3) | |||||||||||||
| 123mTe | 247.47(4) keV | 119.2(1) d | IT | 123Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| 124Te | 52 | 72 | 123.9028183(15) | Stable | 0 | 0.0474(14) | |||||||||||||
| 125Te[n 12] | 52 | 73 | 124.9044312(15) | Stable | 1/2 | 0.0707(15) | |||||||||||||
| 125mTe | 144.775(8) keV | 57.40(15) d | IT | 125Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| 126Te | 52 | 74 | 125.9033121(15) | Stable | 0 | 0.1884(25) | |||||||||||||
| 127Te[n 12] | 52 | 75 | 126.9052270(15) | 9.35(7) h | β− | 127I | 3/2 | ||||||||||||
| 127mTe | 88.23(7) keV | 106.1(7) d | IT (97.86%) | 127Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| β− (2.14%) | 127I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 128Te[n 12][n 13] | 52 | 76 | 127.90446124(76) | 2.25(9)×1024 y[n 14] | β−β− | 128Xe | 0 | 0.3174(8) | |||||||||||
| 128mTe | 2790.8(3) keV | 363(27) ns | IT | 128Te | (10 ) | ||||||||||||||
| 129Te[n 12] | 52 | 77 | 128.90659642(76) | 69.6(3) min | β− | 129I | 3/2 | ||||||||||||
| 129mTe | 105.51(3) keV | 33.6(1) d | IT (64%) | 129Te | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| β− (36%) | 129I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 130Te[n 12][n 13] | 52 | 78 | 129.906222745(11) | 7.91(21)×1020 y | β−β− | 130Xe | 0 | 0.3408(62) | |||||||||||
| 130m1Te | 2146.41(4) keV | 186(11) ns | IT | 130Te | 7− | ||||||||||||||
| 130m2Te | 2667.2(8) keV | 1.90(8) μs | IT | 130Te | (10 ) | ||||||||||||||
| 130m3Te | 4373.9(9) keV | 53(8) ns | IT | 130Te | (15−) | ||||||||||||||
| 131Te[n 12] | 52 | 79 | 130.908522210(65) | 25.0(1) min | β− | 131I | 3/2 | ||||||||||||
| 131m1Te | 182.258(18) keV | 32.48(11) h | β− (74.1%) | 131I | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
| IT (25.9%) | 131Te | ||||||||||||||||||
| 131m2Te | 1940.0(4) keV | 93(12) ms | IT | 131Te | (23/2 ) | ||||||||||||||
| 132Te[n 12] | 52 | 80 | 131.9085467(37) | 3.204(13) d | β− | 132I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 132m1Te | 1774.80(9) keV | 145(8) ns | IT | 132Te | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| 132m2Te | 1925.47(9) keV | 28.5(9) μs | IT | 132Te | 7− | ||||||||||||||
| 132m3Te | 2723.3(8) keV | 3.62(6) μs | IT | 132Te | (10 ) | ||||||||||||||
| 133Te | 52 | 81 | 132.9109633(22) | 12.5(3) min | β− | 133I | 3/2 # | ||||||||||||
| 133m1Te | 334.26(4) keV | 55.4(4) min | β− (83.5%) | 133I | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| IT (16.5%) | 133Te | ||||||||||||||||||
| 133m2Te | 1610.4(5) keV | 100(5) ns | IT | 133Te | (19/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| 134Te | 52 | 82 | 133.9113964(29) | 41.8(8) min | β− | 134I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 134mTe | 1691.34(16) keV | 164.5(7) ns | IT | 134Te | 6 | ||||||||||||||
| 135Te[n 15] | 52 | 83 | 134.9165547(18) | 19.0(2) s | β− | 135I | (7/2−) | ||||||||||||
| 135mTe | 1554.89(16) keV | 511(20) ns | IT | 135Te | (19/2−) | ||||||||||||||
| 136Te | 52 | 84 | 135.9201012(24) | 17.63(9) s | β− (98.63%) | 136I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (1.37%) | 135I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 137Te | 52 | 85 | 136.9255994(23) | 2.49(5) s | β− (97.06%) | 137I | 3/2−# | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (2.94%) | 136I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 138Te | 52 | 86 | 137.9294725(41) | 1.46(25) s | β− (95.20%) | 138I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (4.80%) | 137I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 139Te | 52 | 87 | 138.9353672(38) | 724(81) ms | β− | 139I | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| 140Te | 52 | 88 | 139.939487(15) | 351(5) ms | β− (?%) | 140I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| β−, n (?%) | 139I | ||||||||||||||||||
| 141Te | 52 | 89 | 140.94560(43)# | 193(16) ms | β− | 141I | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
| 142Te | 52 | 90 | 141.95003(54)# | 147(8) ms | β− | 142I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 143Te | 52 | 91 | 142.95649(54)# | 120(8) ms | β− | 143I | 7/2 # | ||||||||||||
| 144Te | 52 | 92 | 143.96112(32)# | 93(60) ms | β− | 144I | 0 | ||||||||||||
| 145Te | 52 | 93 | 144.96778(32)# | 75# ms [>550 ns] |
β− | 145I | |||||||||||||
| This table header & footer: | |||||||||||||||||||
- ^ mTe – Excited nuclear isomer.
- ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
- ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
- ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
- ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
- ^
Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition n: Neutron emission p: Proton emission - ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
- ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
- ^ Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
- ^ Believed to undergo β β decay to 120Sn with a half-life over 1.6×1021 years
- ^ Believed to undergo electron capture to 123Sb with a half-life over 9.2×1016 years
- ^ a b c d e f g Fission product
- ^ a b Primordial radionuclide
- ^ Longest measured half-life of any nuclide
- ^ Very short-lived fission product, responsible for the iodine pit as precursor of 135Xe via 135I
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ Many isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives, but decay has not yet been observed in these, allowing only a lower limit to be placed on their half-lives
- ^ a b A. Alessandrello; et al. (January 2003). "New Limits on Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67 (1): 014323. arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323. S2CID 119523039.
- ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- Alduino, C.; Alfonso, K.; Artusa, D. R.; Avignone, F. T.; Azzolini, O.; Banks, T. I.; Bari, G.; Beeman, J. W.; Bellini, F. (2017-01-01). "Measurement of the two-neutrino double-beta decay half-life of 130Te with the CUORE-0 experiment". The European Physical Journal C. 77 (1): 13. arXiv:1609.01666. Bibcode:2017EPJC...77...13A. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4498-6. ISSN 1434-6044. S2CID 254105128.