Wikipedia

Tamsui District

Tamsui District[1][2][3][4] (Chinese: 淡水; pinyin: Dànshuǐ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tām-chúi; Tâi-lô: Tām-tsuí) is a seaside district in New Taipei City, Taiwan adjacent to the Tamsui River and overlooking the Taiwan Strait. The name of the district means "fresh water" in Chinese. Although modest in size (population 189,271), Tamsui plays a significant role in Taiwanese history and culture.

Tamsui, Taiwan
淡水區
Tansui, Danshuei, Tanshui, Danshui
District
Tamsui District in New Taipei City
Tamsui District in New Taipei City
Coordinates: 25°10′19″N 121°26′38″E / 25.17194°N 121.44389°E / 25.17194; 121.44389
Country Republic of China
Special municipalityNew Taipei City, Taiwan
Area
 • Total
70.65 km2 (27.28 sq mi)
Population
 (February 2023)
 • Total
189,271
 • Density2,299/km2 (5,950/sq mi)
Time zone 8
Websitewww.tamsui.ntpc.gov.tw/en.php Edit this at Wikidata
Tamsui
Tamsui District office
Chinese name
Chinese淡水
PostalTamsui
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDànshuǐ
Bopomofoㄉㄢˋ   ㄕㄨㄟˇ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhDannshoei
Wade–GilesTan4-shui3
Tongyong PinyinDànshuěi
Yale RomanizationDànshwěi
MPS2Dànshuěi
IPA[tân.ʂwèɪ]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳTham-súi
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingDaam6-sui2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTām-chúi
Tâi-lôTām-tsuí
Hobe
Traditional Chinese滬尾
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHùwěi
Bopomofoㄏㄨˋ   ㄨㄟˇ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhHuhwoei
Wade–GilesHu4-wei3
Tongyong PinyinHùwěi
Yale RomanizationHùwěi
MPS2Hùwěi
IPA[xû.wèɪ]
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWu6-mei5
Southern Min
Hokkien POJHō͘-bé
Japanese name
Kanji淡水
Kanaたんすい
Transcriptions
RomanizationTansui

Name

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Historical

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The Ketagalan aborigines called the location around modern Tamsui Hoba, meaning "stream's mouth." Hoba transliterated into Taiwanese Hokkien as Hobe. Historical works in English have referred to the place as "Hobe,"[5] "Hobé,"[6] or "Hobe Village."[7] 17th-century Spanish colonists labeled the region Casidor and the Tamsui River Kimalon. Dutch records reference the names Tamsuy and Tampsui but also refer to another "Lower Tamsuy" in southern Taiwan.[8]

Pastor George Leslie Mackay popularized "Tamsui" as the English-language transliteration in his 1895 book From Far Formosa.[9] "Tamsui" is consistent with Hokkien literary readings,[10][11] and (possibly by chance) is equal to the Church Romanization of an older pronunciation (Tām-súi) minus tone markings and hyphen.[12] By 1900, the "Tamsui" variant was already well-known[13] and featured prominently in two English-language maps of the area.[14] However, some naming confusion persisted, as evidenced by United States diplomat James W. Davidson's 1903 book The Island of Formosa. Davidson lists "Tamsui, Tamshuy, Tamshui, Tamsoui, [and] Tan-sui" as acceptable spellings and pronunciations.[6]

Historically, the term "Tamsui" is ambiguous, as "it may mean the harbor, the river, the village of Hobe, Twatutia, or Banka, and it may mean the whole district."[15]

Modern

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From 1950 until the 2010 creation of New Taipei City, Tamsui was officially "Tamsui Township" (Chinese: 淡水鎮; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tām-chúi-tìn; Tâi-lô: Tām-tsuí-tìn) in the former Taipei County. The spelling "Danshui" (from Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Dànshuǐ), formerly used officially by the Taiwan government, Taipei Metro, and other sources, is based on the Mandarin pronunciation. Having long used "Tamsui" as the official English name,[citation needed] the local government of the district informed the national government in 2011 that "Tamsui" rather than "Danshui" should be used in English.

History

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Spanish colony

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Taiwanese natives in Tamsui under Spanish Formosa

The Spanish arrived in the area of Tamsui in the early 17th century. In the fall of 1629, the Spanish established the first major non-aboriginal settlement comprising the town and mission of Santo Domingo. The Spanish occupied northern Taiwan for the purpose of securing Spanish sea trade routes from coastal Fujian to Spanish Philippines against the Dutch (who were already established in the South of Taiwan by then), the British, and the Portuguese, as well as for facilitating trade with China and Japan.

In 1642, the Spanish were expelled from Taiwan by the Dutch. The Spanish had already abandoned their settlement in Tamsui in 1638 and the Dutch built a new fort over the ruins of Fort Santo Domingo which they renamed Fort Antonio (after the Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company Antonio van Diemen). It is today known as Angmng Siaⁿ (Chinese: 紅毛城; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ; lit. 'red-hair fortress') and is the main building of the Fort Santo Domingo museum complex. In addition to "pacifying" the aboriginal tribes in the area, the Dutch also encouraged the immigration and settlement of the area by Han Chinese, as well as expanding the production and trade of sulfur, animal skins, and other indigenous resources.

The Dutch left Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan in 1662 following their defeat by Koxinga at the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, who continued the policy of increasing Han Chinese immigration until the surrender of his grandson Zheng Keshuang to the Qing Dynasty in 1683. In 1668, the Dutch left Keelung after getting harassed by aboriginals from Tamsui.[16]

Qing dynasty

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Tamsui (淡水)

Because of its proximity to mainland China, as well as its location in a natural harbor, Tamsui quickly became a major fishing and trade port. The Qing naval patrol also established an outpost in Tamsui in 1808. In 1862, the Qing government opened Tamsui to foreign trade under the terms of the Treaty of Tientsin, exporting tea, camphor, sulfur, coal, opium, and dyes. By the mid-19th century Tamsui had become the largest port in Taiwan, boasting a sizable foreign population as well as a British consulate at Fort Santo Domingo.[17][18]

 
Tamsui in 1895.

Canadian medical doctor and missionary George Leslie Mackay arrived in Tamsui on 9 March 1872, proceeding to establish Taiwan's first hospitals in Western medicine and formal educational facilities, including Oxford College (now part of Aletheia University), the oldest European-style higher-education institution in Taiwan by some measure.

During the Sino-French War the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign. Liu Mingchuan, who was leading the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French. The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui, and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.

In 1884, the harbour of Tamsui was blockaded by the French Navy under the command of Admiral Amédée Courbet, during the Sino-French War.[19] The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui by the Chinese and, according to traditional accounts, with the divine assistance of the Goddess Mazu.

Japanese rule

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Map of northwest Tamsui (labeled as Tansui) and surrounding area (1944)
 
Map of Tamsui town (labeled as Tansui), Tamsui River and surroundings (1945)

By the time Taiwan was ceded to Japan following the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Tamsui's position as a seaport was beginning to wane due to the accumulation of sediments in the Tamsui River. By the 20th century, most of Tamsui's port operations had moved to Keelung, and the local economy had switched primarily to agriculture. However, public infrastructure construction projects by the Japanese led to Tamsui's rise as a local administrative and cultural center.

In the early years of Japanese rule (1895–1945), the population of the city was nearly 6,000.[20] From 1920, under the prefecture system, Tamsui was called Tansui Town (淡水街), and was governed under Tansui District of Taihoku Prefecture.

Post-war

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Map of northern Tamsui (labeled as Tan-shui (Tansui) 淡水) (1950)

Following the end of World War II in 1945, Tamsui reverted to being a small fishing town as township of Taipei County. With the expansion of nearby Taipei City, Tamsui slowly became a center for tourism along Taiwan's northwest coast. In the last ten years, the city has become popular as a suburb of Taipei in the local real estate market.

Following the completion of the Taipei Metro's Tamsui Line in 1997, the town experienced a sharp increase in tourist traffic, reflected in the completion of several riverside parks, the growth of open-air markets specializing in traditional handicrafts and street-stall snacks, the construction of a fisherman's wharf, and the increase in passenger ferries traversing across and along the river.

Administrative divisions

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Tamsui District administers forty-two urban villages (里).[21]

Division Chinese[21][22] Romanization
(from Tongyong Pinyin)[23][24]		 Romanization
(from Hanyu Pinyin)[25][24]		 Romanization
(from Wade–Giles)		 Population (2010)[21]
Urban
villages 		中和里 Jhonghe[26] Zhonghe[27] Chung-ho[28] 693
屯山里 Tunshan Tunshan 1,229
賢孝里 Siansiao Xianxiao Hsien-hsiao 1,736
興仁里 Singren Xingren Hsing-jen 1,749
蕃薯里 Fanshu Fanshu Fan-shu 1,076
義山里 Yishan Yishan I-shan 2,820
忠山里 Jhongshan Zhongshan Chung-shan 1,026
崁頂里 Kanding Kanding K’an-ting 2,632
埤島里 Pidao Pidao P’i-tao 1,312
新興里 Sinsing Xinxing Hsin-hsing 6,547
水碓里 Shueiduei[29] Shuidui Shui-tui 6,304
北投里 Beitou Beitou Pei-t’ou 5,779
水源里 Shueiyuan Shuiyuan Shui-yüan 2,516
忠寮里 Jhongliao Zhongliao Chung-liao 1,354
樹興里 Shusing Shuxing Shu-hsing 1,165
坪頂里 Pingding Pingding P’ing-ting 1,411
福德里 Fude Fude Fu-te 6,574
竹圍里 Jhuwei Zhuwei Chu-wei 6,322
民生里 Minsheng Minsheng Min-sheng 6,774
八勢里 Bashih Bashi Pa-shih 4,374
竿蓁里 Ganjhen Ganzhen Kan-chen 7,890
鄧公里 Denggong Denggong 6,355
中興里 Jhongsing Zhongxing Chung-hsing 4,613
長庚里 Changgeng Changgeng 1,686
清文里 Cingwun Qingwen 1,320
草東里 Caodong Caodong 901
協元里 Sieyuan Xieyuan 1,749
永吉里 Yongji Yongji 1,018
民安里 Min-an Minan/Min'an 930
新生里 Sinsheng Xinsheng Hsin-sheng 999
文化里 Wunhua Wenhua 2,133
油車里 Youche Youche Yu-ch’e 5,628
沙崙里 Shalun Shalun Sha-lun 3,499
新義里 Sinyi Xinyi Hsin-i 4,658
新春里 Sinchun Xinchun 6,870
新民里 Sinmin Xinmen Hsin-min 4,960
正德里 Jhengde Zhengde Cheng-te 4,482
北新里 Beisin Beixin Pei-hsin 2,907
民權里 Mincyuan Minquan Min-ch’uan/Min-ch’üan 3,940
幸福里 Singfu Xingfu Hsing-fu 4,742
學府里 Syuefu Xuefu 4,357
大庄里 Dajhuang Dazhuang 4,451

Climate

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Climate data for Tamsui District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1942–present）
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		37.3
(99.1) 		38.8
(101.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		37.4
(99.3) 		35.8
(96.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.1
(91.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		26.2
(79.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.4
(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.2
(75.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.4
(66.9)
Record low °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		2.3
(36.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 105.9
(4.17) 		148.0
(5.83) 		153.4
(6.04) 		157.6
(6.20) 		239.8
(9.44) 		257.4
(10.13) 		119.8
(4.72) 		218.3
(8.59) 		290.1
(11.42) 		165.8
(6.53) 		104.2
(4.10) 		112.4
(4.43) 		2,072.7
(81.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13.9 13.8 15.2 13.6 12.6 12.2 8.3 10.9 11.8 12.3 12.4 12.5 149.5
Average relative humidity (%) 80.8 82.4 81.0 79.9 79.2 79.9 75.0 76.0 76.1 77.8 78.5 79.0 78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 83.1 80.4 92.7 105.9 135.6 155.9 226.9 208.6 171.7 127.5 101.9 84.1 1,574.3
Source: Central Weather Bureau[30][31][32][33][34]

Education

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Tourist attractions

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Shophouses along Zhongzheng road
 
Fort Santo Domingo

Transportation

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MRT Tamsui Station

Taipei Metro

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Light rail

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Sister city

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Notable natives

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  •  
    A French sketch of Tamsui in 1893
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    Tamsui Port, circa 1970
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    The Yinshan Temple in Tamsui, 2018
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    Tamsui Harbor (Li Mei-shu, 1930)
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    Tamsui (Tan Ting-pho, 1935) – 91 × 116.5 cm – Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts
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    Tamsui Church (Ni Chiang-huai, 1936) – Paper, watercolor – 49.5 × 66 cm – Taipei Museum of Fine Arts
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    Tamsui waterfront at sunset
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    The sunset in front of the Long Pier of Tamsui

Sources

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Notes

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  1. ^ "About Tamsui". Tamsui District Office, New Taipei City Government. Retrieved 13 July 2019. Tamsui District
  2. ^ 臺灣地區鄉鎮市區級以上行政區域名稱中英對照表 (PDF). Online Translation System of Geographic Name, Ministry of Interior. 16 June 2011. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012. 淡水區 Tamsui District 「淡水」依國際通用、 約定俗成方式譯寫
  3. ^ Edward Stanford (1908). Atlas of the Chinese Empire (1 ed.). pp. 2, 13 – via Internet Archive. Tamsui
    {...}
    Tamsui, Formosa . . 25.11 N 121.26 E
  4. ^ Index to Map of China (2 ed.). Shanghai: Far Eastern Geographical Establishment. 1915. p. 86 – via Internet Archive. Tamsui ... ... ... 儋 州 [sic] Formosa ... 臺灣 ... 25.11 N 121.26 E
  5. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 310.
  6. ^ a b Davidson (1903), p. 261.
  7. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 310 (illustration).
  8. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. p. 548. OCLC 644323041.
  9. ^ "譯名鬧雙包 淡水正名Tamsui". 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  10. ^ "Entry #824 (水)". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
  11. ^ Iûⁿ, Ún-giân. 台語線頂字典 [Taiwanese Online Character Dictionary].
  12. ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1899). Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy (2nd ed.). London: Presbyterian church of England. p. 473. OCLC 5516636. OL 25126855M.
  13. ^ Davidson (1903), p. iii: "In later chapters describing the island under Japanese rule, and in the map, the Japanese name is given first, and the Chinese in brackets, with the exception of a few well-known names such as Kelung, Takow, etc., and some English names of islands in the Pescadores." (Note: "Tansui" is not found until the index and is absent from the map)
  14. ^ see, for example:
  15. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 261: "The term Tamsui is used in a most liberal way; it may mean the harbor, the river, the village of Hobe, Twatutia, or Banka, and it may mean the whole district. Properly it is but the name of a river. A resident of Twatutia may likewise describe himself as a residient either of Twatutia, Taipehfu, or Tamsui, and still be quite correct so far as custom goes, although ordinarily the merchants and consuls, whether at Hobe or Twatutia, use Tamsui as their address."
  16. ^ Shepherd, John Robert (1993). Statecraft and political economy on the Taiwan frontier, 1600–1800. Stanford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780804720663.
  17. ^ NEVILLE-HADLEY, PETER (2014). "Sleepy Tamsui Once a Thriving Treaty Port". Culture Locker. Meridian Writers’ Group.
  18. ^ The consulate was closed on 13 March 1972 and returned to the authorities in 1980. See Sino-British relations.
  19. ^ Elleman, Bruce A. (2001). Modern Chinese warfare, 1795–1989. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9780415214735. Following this setback, the Qing court officially declared war on France on 26 August 1884. On 1 October, Admiral Courbet landed at Jilong with 2,250 men, and the city fell to the French. Chinese forces continued to encircle Jilong throughout the rest of the War. Although a French blockade thwarted all subsequent Chinese efforts to send a fleet to relieve Taiwan, the French troops never succeeded in taking the riverside town of Danshui (Tamsui) in Taiwan's northwestern coastal plain, immediately north of modern-day Taipei. As a result, French control over Taiwan was limited merely to the northern coast. China's central fleet, based in Jiangsu Province, proved unable to break through Admiral Courbet's blockade of Taiwan. Although the south quickly requested assistance from the northern fleet, Li Hongzhang refused to place his own ships in danger. This decision almost guaranteed that China's coastal waters would be dominated by the French.
  20. ^ Takekoshi (1907), p. 200.
  21. ^ a b c 吳明勇 (ed.). 第壹篇 沿革志 (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). pp. 83–84. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 附表 17：2010 年 12 月淡水鎮各里人口統計表{...}42
  22. ^ 107年地方公職人員選舉 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Central Election Commission. Retrieved 12 July 2019. 中和里 屯山里 賢孝里 興仁里 蕃薯里 義山里 忠山里 崁頂里 埤島里 新興里 水碓里 北投里 水源里 忠寮里 樹興里 坪頂里 福德里 竹圍里 民生里 八勢里 竿蓁里 鄧公里 中興里 長庚里 清文里 草東里 協元里 永吉里 民安里 新生里 文化里 油車里 沙崙里 新義里 新春里 新民里 正德里 北新里 民權里 幸福里 學府里 大庄里
  23. ^ "district map.pdf" (PDF). Tamsui District Office, New Taipei City Government. Retrieved 12 July 2019. [main]Tunshan Vlg. Siansiao Vlg. Jhonghe Vlg. Singren Vlg. Fanshu Vlg. Yishan Vlg. Jhongshan Vlg. Kanding Vlg. Jhongliao Vlg. Pidao Vlg. Shalun Vlg. Dajhuang Vlg. Sinchun Vlg. Shueiyuan Vlg. Beitou Vlg. Youche Vlg. Sinsing Vlg. Jhongde Vlg. Sinmin Vlg. Shueiduei Vlg. Beisin Vlg. Sinyi Vlg. Wunhua Vlg. Jhongsing Vlg. Syuefu Vlg. Shusing Vlg. Denggong Vlg. Sinfu[sic] Vlg. Ganjhen Vlg. Pingding Vlg. Bashih Vlg. Minsheng Vlg. Jhuwei Vlg. Mingcyuan Vlg. Fude Vlg. [inset] Wunhua Vlg. Sieyuan Vlg. Sinsheng Vlg. Yongji Vlg. Cingwun Vlg. Sinfu Vlg.[mislabeled; should be 'Changgeng Vlg.'] Min-an Vlg. Caodong Vlg. Sinfu[sic] Vlg. (note that the transcription of the map is approximate; the map also includes some blatant errors)
  24. ^ a b "Map of Administrative Districts". Tamsui District Office, New Taipei City Government. Retrieved 12 July 2019. Tamsui Include Tunshan Vlg. Jhonghe Vlg. Siansiao Vlg. Fansh[sic] Vlg.Singren Vlg. Yishan Vlg. Jhongshan Vlg. Kanding Vlg. Pidao Vlg.Jhongliao Vlg.Shueiyuan Vlg. Beitou Vlg. Shalun Vlg.Dazhung[sic] Vlg.Youche Vlg. Xinchun Vlg. Xinxing Vlg. Xinmin Vlg. Wenhua Vlg. Zhengde Vlg.Shuidui Vlg. Xinyi Vlg. Beixin Vlg. Jhongsing Vlg. Syuefu Vlg. Denggog[sic] Vlg. Sinfu Vlg. Shusing Vlg. Ganjhen Vlg. Xleyuan[sic] Vlg. Xinsheng Vlg. Uongli[sic] Vlg. Min-an Vlg. Cingwen Vlg. Changgeng Vlg. Caodong Vlg. pingding[sic] Vlg. Bashih Vlg. Minsheng Vlg. Jhuwei Vlg. Minocyuan[sic] Vlg. Fude Vlg. (note that the list includes some blatant errors)
  25. ^ "2018 Local Elections". Central Election Commission. Retrieved 12 July 2019. Zhonghe Vil. Tunshan Vil. Xianxiao Vil. Xingren Vil. Fanshu Vil. Yishan Vil. Zhongshan Vil. Kanding Vil. Beidao Vil. Xinxing Vil. Shuidui Vil. Beitou Vil. Shuiyuan Vil. Zhongliao Vil. Shuxing Vil. Pingding Vil. Fude Vil. Zhuwei Vil. Minsheng Vil. Bashi Vil. Ganzhen Vil. Denggong Vil. Zhongxing Vil. Zhanggeng[sic] Vil. Qingwen Vil. Caotung[sic] Vil. Xieyuan Vil. Yongji Vil. Minan Vil. Xinsheng Vil. Wenhua Vil. Youju[sic] Vil. Shalun Vil. Xinyi Vil. Xinchun Vil. Xinmin Vil. Zhengde Vil. Beixin Vil. Minquan Vil. Xingfu Vil. Xuefu Vil. Dazhuang Vil. (note that the list includes some blatant errors)
  26. ^ Jhonghe (Variant – V) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  27. ^ Zhonghe (Approved – N) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  28. ^ Chung-ho (Variant – V) at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  29. ^ "Police Station". Retrieved 12 July 2019. Shueiduei
  30. ^ "Monthly Mean". Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  31. ^ "氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  32. ^ "氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計(續)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  33. ^ "氣象站各月份最低氣溫統計" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  34. ^ "氣象站各月份最低氣溫統計(續)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  35. ^ Guo, Elizabeth; Kennedy, Brian (10 July 2008). "Tale of two towns: Chico, Calif., and Tamsui, Taiwan, Republic of China, have more in common than you might think". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tamsui District, New Taipei.
 
Look up Tamsui in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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