Wikipedia

Takamine Jōkichi

In this Japanese name, the surname is Takamine.

Takamine Jōkichi (高峰 譲吉, November 3, 1854 – July 22, 1922) was a Japanese chemist.[2][3] He is known for being the first to isolate epinephrine in 1901.

Takamine Jōkichi
高峰 譲吉
Born(1854-11-03)November 3, 1854
Takaoka, Toyama, Japan
DiedJuly 22, 1922(1922-07-22) (aged 67)
New York, New York, US[1]
CitizenshipJapanese
Alma materUniversity of Tokyo
Known forisolating and purifying adrenaline,
isolating takadiastase
AwardsJapan Academy Prize (1912)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry

Early life and education

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Takamine was born in Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture, in November 1854.[4] His father was a doctor; his mother a member of a family of sake brewers. He spent his childhood in Kanazawa, capital of present-day Ishikawa Prefecture in central Honshū. He learned English as a child from a Dutch family in Nagasaki, and so always spoke English with a Dutch accent. He was educated in Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, graduating from the Tokyo Imperial University in 1879. He did postgraduate work at University of Glasgow and Anderson College in Scotland until 1883.[5]

Career

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Japan

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In 1883, Takamine returned to Japan and joined the division of chemistry at the newly established Department of Agriculture and Commerce until 1887.[5] He then founded the Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company, where he later isolated the enzyme takadiastase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch. Takamine developed his diastase from koji, a fungus used in the manufacture of soy sauce and miso. Its Latin name is Aspergillus oryzae, and it is a "designated national fungus" (kokkin) in Japan.[6]

United States

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Taka-diastase advertisement in 1905

In 1884, Takamine went as co-commissioner of the World Cotton Centennial Exposition to New Orleans, where he met Lafcadio Hearn and 18 year old Caroline Field Hitch, his future wife. In 1885, he became the temporary Chief of the Japanese Patent Office and helped to lay the foundations of patent administration. He founded he Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company, importing large amounts of phosphate from Charleston, South Carolina. In 1890, he emigrated with his wife and two sons to Chicago.[4]: 6 

He established his own research laboratory in New York City but licensed the exclusive production rights for takadiastase to one of the largest US pharmaceutical companies, Parke-Davis.[7] This turned out to be a shrewd move as he became a millionaire in a relatively short time and by the early 20th century was estimated to be worth $30 million.[6][dead link‍]

In 1894, Takamine applied for, and was granted, a US patent titled "Process of Making Diastatic Enzyme" (U.S. patent 525,823), the first patent on a microbial enzyme in the United States.[5][8]

In 1901, he isolated and purified the hormone adrenaline, which became the first effective bronchodilator for asthma from animal glands, becoming the first to accomplish this for a glandular hormone.[2][9]

In 1904, the Emperor Meiji of Japan honored Takamine with an unusual gift. In the context of the St. Louis World Fair (Louisiana Purchase Exposition), the Japanese government had replicated a historical Japanese structure, the "Pine and Maple Palace" (Shofu-den), modelled after the Kyoto Imperial Coronation Palace of 1,300 years ago. This structure was given to Dr. Takamine in grateful recognition of his efforts to further friendly relations between Japan and the United States.[10] He had the structure transported in sections from Missouri to his summer home in upstate New York, seventy-five miles north of New York City. In 1909, the structure served as a guest house for Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi and Princess Kuni of Japan, who were visiting the area.[11] Although the property was sold in 1922, the reconstructed structure remained in its serene setting. In 2008, it still continues to be one of the undervalued tourist attractions of New York's Sullivan County.[12]

In 1905, Takamine founded the Nippon Club, which was for many years located at 161 West 93rd Street in Manhattan.[13]

Takamine devoted his life to maintaining goodwill between the US and Japan.[14][15]

In 1912, the mayor of Tokyo (Yukio Ozaki) and Jokichi Takamine gifted cherry blossom trees, which were planted in the West Potomac Park surrounding the Tidal Basin in Washington, DC .[16]

A 1915 photo presents Jōkichi Takamine as the host for a banquet honoring the visiting Japanese diplomat Baron Eiichi Shibusawa. This illustration is linked to Jōkichi Takamine's involvement in the gifting of the cherry blossom trees to Washington, DC in 1912, which has evolved into the National Cherry Blossom Festival which is celebrated yearly.[17][18]

Personal life

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The mausoleum of Jokichi Takamine in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York City

On August 10, 1887, Takamine travelled to the US and married Caroline Field Hitch in New Orleans. They had two sons Jokichi Takamine, born 1888 in Tokyo, Japan, and Ebenezer Takashi Takamine born in 1889. The family emigrated to the US arriving in Chicago in December 1890.[4]: 6 [5] Due to her influence he converted to Catholicism. According to historical records, he would maintain this faith throughout his life.[19]

Awards and honors

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As of 2011, two films about the life of Takamine have been made by Toru Ichikawa [ja]. In the 2010 film Sakura, Sakura [ja] Takamine was portrayed by Masaya Kato.[21] A sequel titled Takamine, also directed by Ichikawa and starring Hatsunori Hasegawa, was released in 2011.[22]

As of 2009, the Takamine home in Kanazawa could still be seen. It was relocated to near the grounds of Kanazawa Castle in 2001.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Harden, A. (1923). "Obituary Notice. Jokichi Takamine". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 123, part 1 of volume: 954–955.
  2. ^ a b Yamashima T (2003). "Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin". J Med Biogr. 11 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1177/096777200301100211. PMID 12717538. S2CID 32540165.
  3. ^ Sasges, Gerard (2021-03-01). "Mold's Dominion: Science, Empire, and Capitalism in a Globalizing World". The American Historical Review. 126 (1): 82–108. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhab008. ISSN 0002-8762.
  4. ^ a b c Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. (2012). Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922) and Caroline Takamine (1866-1954): Biography and Bibliography (PDF). Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center. ISBN 978-1-928914-46-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-07-06.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Joan Bennet (December 2001). "The Time Line: Adrenalin and cherry trees". Modern Drug Discovery. 4 (12): 47–48, 51. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  6. ^ a b c Pulvers, Roger, "Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, June 28, 2009, p. 8.
  7. ^ Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996). Technology and Industrial Development in Japan. Clarendon Press, Oxford. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-828802-2.
  8. ^ Takamine, Jokiohi (1894). "Process of making diastatic enzyme". Google Patents. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  9. ^ Bennett M (1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors". Clin Auton Res. 9 (3): 145–59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061. S2CID 20999106.
  10. ^ Estrow, Milton (September 28, 1947). "Japanese Palace; Replica Near Monticello Now Open to Public". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  11. ^ "Kuni in Japanese House; Host of Prince, Dr. Takamine, Has Japanese Structures of St. Louis Fair," Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine New York Times. September 20, 1909.
  12. ^ "Sho Fu Den". 2008-02-26. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2023-07-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  13. ^ Gray, Christopher (2001-09-30). "Streetscapes/161 West 93rd Street; A Building That Recalls the Days After Pearl Harbor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  14. ^ Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace (expanded ed.). Horizon Productions. pp. 32, 200, 216 note 5, 219 note 13, 364, 365, 370, 384 note 11.
  15. ^ "Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  16. ^ "Cherry Trees in Washington DC". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27.
  17. ^ Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace. California: Horizon Productions. pp. 209, 225–6, 373–4, 379. ISBN 978-0-9903349-6-5.
  18. ^ "1915 Photo: Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft honor Baron Shibusawa Eiichi during his important diplomatic visit to the United States". 2020. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  19. ^ Doak, Kevin Michael (2011). Xavier's legacies: Catholicism in modern Japanese culture. Asian religions and society series. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-2021-9.
  20. ^ "Ten Japanese Great Inventors". Japan Patent Office. 2002. Archived from the original on 2022-10-29. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  21. ^ "さくら、さくら －サムライ化学者 高峰譲吉の生涯－" [Sakura, Sakura - The life of samurai chemist Jokichi Takamine]. Yahoo Movie Database (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  22. ^ "TAKAMINE ～アメリカに桜を咲かせた男～" [Takamine - The man who made sakura blossom in America]. Yahoo Movie Database (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  23. ^ 旧高峰家 Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine. "City Kanazawa Official Web Site." Accessed 15 July 2009. (Japanese)

Further reading

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