The Surafend massacre (Arabic: مجزرة صرفند) was a premeditated massacre committed against inhabitants of the village of Sarafand al-Amar (modern-day Tzrifin) and a Bedouin camp in Ottoman Palestine by occupying Australian, New Zealand and Scottish soldiers on 10 December 1918. Occurring at the conclusion of the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I, Allied occupational forces in the region, in particular Australian and New Zealand troops, gradually grew frustrated over being subject to petty theft and occasional murders by local Arabs without redress.
| Surafend massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Sinai and Palestine campaign | |
 A map of Sarafand al-Amar | |
| Location | Sarafand al-Amar (modern-day Tzrifin, Israel) |
| Coordinates | 31°57′31″N 34°50′20″E / 31.95861°N 34.83889°E |
| Date | 10 December 1918 |
| Target | Male Palestinian villagers |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | 40–137 |
| Perpetrators | ANZAC Mounted Division Scottish soldiers[citation needed] |
| Motive | Reprisal for thefts and a soldier's murder |
On the night of 9 December, a New Zealand soldier was killed by an Arab thief who had stolen his kitbag. In response, troops of the ANZAC Mounted Division, as well as a small number of Scottish soldiers, surrounded Sarafand al-Amar and demanded the village's leaders hand over the thief. When they denied knowledge of the murder, the soldiers deliberated on their course of action before eventually deciding to attack the village, killing approximately 40–137 male villagers, with the only body count being 137 while others who did not count the bodies stated it was as low as 40.[1] The massacre caused a significant rift between the Division and its Commander-in-Chief, Sir Edmund Allenby.[2]
Background
editDuring the Sinai and Palestine campaign of World War I, Allied forces gradually pushed the Ottoman military out of the Middle East. In 1918, the ANZAC Mounted Division, consisting of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and the Australian 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades set camp near the village of Sarafand al-Amar in Palestine. The proximity of the village, coupled with a perceived general British Army acceptance and dismissal of petty crime by the local Arabs, meant that thefts and even murders took place regularly with minimal to no redress from the Imperial forces. The reluctance of the British to punish or avenge such crimes led to a build-up of resentment among the occupying forces towards both local residents and their own British commanders.[3]
Massacre
editOn the night of 9 December 1918, a New Zealand soldier, Trooper Leslie Lowry, was woken around midnight when his kitbag, which he was using as a pillow, was stolen from his tent.[4] Lowry pursued the thief outside of the camp, where he was apparently shot. Lowry was found by Corporal C.H. Carr, who had heard the sound of a struggle and a cry for help, lying in the sand about 40 metres from the tent lines, bleeding from a bullet wound to the chest.[4] He died just as a doctor arrived at approximately 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday 10 December, having said nothing. The camp was roused, and a group of New Zealand soldiers followed the footprints of the thief, which ended about a hundred yards before the village of Surafend.[1][5]
Soldiers set up a cordon around the village, and ordered the sheikhs of the village to surrender the murderer, but they denied any knowledge of the incident or its perpetrator. The death was brought to the attention of the staff of the division the following day, and a court of inquiry was conducted at first light by Major Magnus Johnson. Plaster casts of the footprints were taken, and the bullet that killed Lowry was determined to have been fired by a Colt .45 pistol, which was not on general issue to NZMR troops, but was common amongst Turkish and Arab forces.[4] By nightfall there had been no response on what action, if any, should be taken.[3] According to the police report, there was no evidence linking anyone from the village to the murder. The report states:
At 0930 on the 10th December 1918 the Police commenced to search the Village and found no trace whatsoever of the culprit, or even any other individual suspected of the crime. The only material clue was that of a Native Cap (similar to headgear worn by Bedouins) which was picked up by a mate of the deceased, and handed to me by Captain Cobb. This was found on the scene where the Soldier was shot and killed.[5]
The following day, the men of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles prepared for what was to take place that night. Early in the evening, around two hundred soldiers entered the village, expelling some of the women and children,[2] while others remained.[6] Armed with heavy sticks and bayonets, the soldiers then set upon the remaining villagers whilst also burning the houses.[3] Somewhere between 40 and 137 people were killed in the attack on Surafend and the outlying Bedouin camp.[5] The casualty figures depend upon the testimony from the reporting authority. There is no certain figure and while many suggest around 40 the only account that claims to have counted the bodies is a letter from A.S. Mulhal which has the death/body count at 137.[7] There were also unknown numbers of injured villagers who were tended to by the field ambulance units.
Aftermath
editThe massacre at Surafend was both visible and audible to the nearby division headquarters, and the division's Commander-in-Chief, General Sir Edmund Allenby, was ordered by General Headquarters to find and discipline those who took part in the killings, in particular those who led and organised the attack. The New Zealanders stood firm in solidarity and refused to name any individual soldiers responsible, and thus no-one could be definitively charged and disciplined for the massacre.[3][1]
Allenby ordered the division to the square at headquarters, where, ignoring the salute of Commanding Officer Chaytor, he expressed his fury at their actions in no uncertain terms and employed unexpectedly strong language, including calling them "cowards and murderers".[2][8] According to Gullett's Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, the division was fully expecting harsh military discipline for the massacre, and would have accepted this without resentment. However, Allenby's abusive outburst, while leaving them unpunished, fueled a great amount of resentment and bitterness that their commanding officer would speak of the brigades in such a manner.[3] The feeling among the mounted division was only intensified by Allenby's withdrawing his awards recommendations for members of the division and his silence towards them over the following year.[1] It was only in June 1919 that Allenby was informed by an Australian journalist of the resentment in the division following his outburst, and he subsequently wrote a glowing tribute to the Australian Light Horse troops, bidding them farewell and thanking them for their heroic work in Palestine and Syria.[9]
No one was charged for the massacre, but £2060.11.3d (£104,500 in 2024) was paid to authorities in Palestine to rebuild the village. The British government contributed £686, due to a small number of Scottish soldiers who had participated, and, in 1921, requested that Australia and New Zealand contribute the remaining two-thirds. Australia did not contest its liability and quickly paid £515.2.9d to Britain. New Zealand objected, but eventually under British pressure paid £858.11.5d in May 1921.[1][2]
Australian involvement
editAt the time the destruction of Surafend was occurring, the YMCA [where?] was screening a movie which was watched by many men of the Anzac Mounted Division. On hearing reports about the fighting, the Anzac Mounted Division Headquarters ordered the division to "stand to" with an immediate roll call to be taken and every man's location accounted for at that moment. The result of this roll call was that the location of most Australians were accounted for. In addition to the rolls, police pickets surrounded the village, finding many Australians viewing the burning houses. These were ordered back to their units. No police report indicated the presence of Australian soldiers in the village.[5]
That being so, involvement of Australian soldiers in the massacre at Surafend had been assumed, but never proven. Historian Henry Gullett's volume of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 mentioned that New Zealand troops had conducted the massacre and the destruction of the village, but with the "hearty support" and "full sympathy" of the Australians.[3]
In 2009, journalist Paul Daley while undertaking research for his book, Beersheba discovered an audio recording in the archives of the Australian War Memorial in which Australian former Light Horseman Ted O'Brien described how he and his comrades had "had a good issue of rum" and "went through [the village] with a bayonet." O'Brien described the actions he and his fellow Australians took as "ungodly" and "a real bad thing".[1][2]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Daley, Paul (2009). Beersheba (Paperback). Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. pp. 252–272, 273–276, 295–297, 300–304. ISBN 9780522855999.
- ^ a b c d e Elliott, Tim (24 July 2009). "Massacre that stained the Light Horse". The Age. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Gullett, H.S. (1923). "XLV" (PDF). Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918: Volume VII – The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine: 1914 – 1918. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. p. [page needed]. Retrieved 24 July 2009.[Wikipedia:Citing sources|page-needed]&rft.pub=Australian War Memorial&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Gullett&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/8/chapters/45.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Surafend massacre" class="Z3988">
- ^ a b c Kinloch, Terry (2007). Devils on Horses in the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East,1916–19. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-908988-94-5.
- ^ a b c d "Surafend, the massacre, Palestine, 10 December 1918". Australian Light Horse Studies Centre. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ Hamilton, Scott (29 November 2023). "New Zealand's shameful role in the 1917 destruction of Gaza". The Spinoff. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ letter from A.S. Mulhal
- ^ "Allenby and the Anzacs". Advocate (Burnie, Tas.: 1890–1954). Burnie, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 26 December 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Hill, Alec Jeffrey (1978). Chauvel of the Light Horse: A biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84146-5.
Further reading
edit- Milnes, David John (2009). Imperial soldiers? : The New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in Sinai and Palestine 1916–1919 (MA). University of Otago. pp. 45–51.
External links
edit- Australian Light Horse Studies Centre Surafend, the massacre, Palestine, 10 December 1918. This resource contains various transcribed testimonies and military police reports.
- Surafend Affair, 10–11 December 1918 [1 of 2. Page 1 of the official report of the Court of Inquiry into the death of Leslie Lowry.
- Surafend Affair, 10–11 December 1918 [2 of 2. Page 2 of the official report of the Court of Inquiry into the death of Leslie Lowry.
- Burning of Surafend Village, Palestine. A letter from new Zealand’s military representative in London which gives the cost of rebuilding the village.