Wikipedia

Small-lift launch vehicle

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[2]

Clockwise from top left: Scout, Kosmos-3M and Electron, three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
NameSmall-lift launch vehicle
Preceded bySounding rocket
Succeeded byMedium-lift launch vehicle
BuiltSince 1957
General characteristics
Capacity
  • US definition: <2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
  • Russian definition: <5,000 kg (11,000 lb)

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[8][9]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[10]

Rated launch vehicles

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Operational

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight
Qased   Iran IRGCASF 10−50 3 2020
Qaem 100   Iran IRGC 80[11] 3( 1) 2023
SK solid fueled TV2   Republic of Korea MND >100 1 2023
Shavit 2   Israel IAE 160[12] 12 1988
Unha   North Korea KCST 200[13] 4 2009
KAIROS   Japan Space One 250 150 to SSO 1 2024
Electron   New Zealand
  United States 		Rocket Lab 300[14] 200 to SSO[14] 49 2017
Jielong 1   China CALT 200 to SSO 1[15] 2019
Hyperbola-1   China i-Space 300[16] 6 2020
Chollima-1   North Korea NADA ≥300[17] 3 2023
Simorgh   Iran Iranian Space Agency 350[18] 6( 1) 2016
Ceres-1   China Galactic Energy 350[19] 11 2020
Kuaizhou-1   China CASC 400[20] 250 to SSO 28[a] 2013[20]
SSLV   India ISRO / NSIL 500 300 to SSO 2 2022
Start-1   Russia MITT 532[21] 350 to SSO[22] 5[23] 1993
Minotaur I   United States Northrop Grumman 580[24] 12[25] 2000
Long March 6   China CALT 500 to SSO 11 2015
Long March 11   China CALT 700[26] 17 2015[27]
Alpha   United States Firefly 1,000[28] 600 to SSO 5 2021
Epsilon   Japan IHI[29] 1,200[30] 5 2013
RS1   United States ABL 1,350[31] 400 to GTO 1 2023
Strela   Russia Khrunichev 1,400[32] 3[33] 2003
Minotaur-C   United States Northrop Grumman 1,450[34] 1,050[34] to SSO 10[35] 1994
Kuaizhou-11   China CASC 1,500 1,000 to SSO 2
SK solid fueled LV   Republic of Korea MND 1,500 1( 2) 2023[36]
Minotaur IV   United States Northrop Grumman 1,735[37] 7[38] 2010[39]
Kinetica 1   China CAS Space 2,000 1,500 to SSO 3 2022
Tianlong-2   China Space Pioneer 2,000[40] 1,500 to SSO 1 2023
Jielong 3   China CALT 1,500 to SSO 3[41] 2022
OS-M[b]   China OneSpace 205[42] 73 to SSO 1 2019

Under development

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		First flight

(expected)

Blue Whale 1   South Korea Perigee Aerospace 63[43] 50 to SSO 2022
Agnibaan   India Agnikul Cosmos 100 2022
ZERO   Japan Interstellar Technologies 100 to SSO[44] 2023
Chetak   India Bellatrix Aerospace 150 2023
VLM[45]   Brazil Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology 150 2027
Haribon SLS-1   Philippines OrbitX 200[46] 2023
DNLV   Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace[47] 200 2023
Volans   Singapore Equatorial Space Systems[48] 220 150 to SSO 2023
Zuljanah   Iran Iranian Space Agency 220 2021
Vikram 1   India Skyroot Aerospace 315 255 to SSO[49] 2023
Skyrora XL   United Kingdom Skyrora 315[50] 2023[51]
Hapith V   Taiwan TiSPACE 390[52] 350 to SSO
Vikram II   India Skyroot Aerospace 520 410 to SSO[49] TBD
Rocket 4   United States Astra Space, Inc. 600[53] 2023
Vikram III   India Skyroot Aerospace 720 580 to SSO[49] TBD
Tronador II   Argentina CONAE 750[54] 2029
Miura 5   Spain PLD Space 900 2024[55]
Spectrum   Germany Isar Aerospace 1,000 700 to SSO 2023
Hyperbola-2   China i-Space 1,900[56]

Retired

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight Last flight
SS-520   Japan IHI 4 2 2017 2018
Vanguard   United States Martin 9[57] 11( 1) 1957 1959
Juno I[58]   United States Chrysler 11 6 1958 1959
Veloce 17   United States Eldorado Space[59] 12 0
Lambda 4S   Japan Nissan[60] 26[30] 5 1966 1977[61]
SLV   India ISRO 40[62] 4 1979 1983
Juno II[63]   United States Chrysler 41 10 1958 1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[64]   United States Boeing 45[65] 0
Rocket 3   United States Astra 45[66] 7( 2) 2020 2022
Safir   Iran Iranian Space Agency 50[67] 8 2008 2019
Vector-R   United States Vector 60[68] 0( 2)
Diamant   France SEREB 107[69][70] 12 1965 1975
Vector-H   United States Vector 110[71] 0
Capricornio[72]   Spain INTA 140 0
ASLV   India ISRO 150 4 1987 1994
Scout   United States US Air Force/NASA 174[73] 125 1961 1994
Mu-4S   Japan Nissan[60] 180[30] 4 1971 1972
Mu-3C   Japan Nissan[60] 195[30] 4 1974 1979
Shtil'   Russia Makeyev 280 – 420[74] 2[75] 1998 2006
Mu-3H   Japan Nissan[60] 300[30] 3 1977 1978
Mu-3S   Japan Nissan[60] 300[30] 4 1980 1984
Long March 1   China CALT 300[76] 2[77] 1970[77] 1971[77]
Zhuque-1   China LandSpace 300[78] 200 to SSO 1 2018 2018
Delta 1913   United States McDonnell Douglas 328[79] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2310   United States McDonnell Douglas 336[81] 3[80] 1974 1981
Delta 1410   United States McDonnell Douglas 340[82] 1[80] 1975 1975
VLS-1   Brazil AEB, INPE 380[83] 2[note 1] 1997 2003
Delta 1604   United States McDonnell Douglas 390[84] 2[80] 1972 1973
Falcon 1   United States SpaceX 420[85] 5 2006 2009
Pegasus   United States Orbital 443[86] 45[87] 1990 2021
Conestoga   United States Space Services Inc. 500[88] 3 1982 1995
Sputnik 8K71PS   Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[89] 2 1957 1957
Launcher One   United States Virgin Orbit 500[90] 300 to SSO 6 2020
Paektusan   North Korea KCST 700[91] 1 1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)   China CALT 740[92] 0( 3) 1995[note 2] 2002
Mu-3SII   Japan Nissan[60] 770[30] 8 1985 1995
Athena I   United States Lockheed Martin 795[93] 515 to GTO 4[94] 1995 2001
Delta 3913   United States McDonnell Douglas 816[95] 1[80] 1981 1981
J-I   Japan IHI, Nissan[60] 1,000[96] 0( 1) 1996 1996
Delta 1910   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[97] 1[80] 1975 1975
N-I   Japan
  United States 		Mitsubishi 1,200[98] 7 1975 1982
Terran 1   United States Relativity Space 1,250 1 2023 2023
Delta 0900   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[99] 818 to SSO[80] 2[80] 1972 1972
Sputnik 8A91   Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 1958 1958
Atlas LV-3B[100]   United States Convair 1,360 9 1960 1963
H-I   Japan
  United States 		Mitsubishi 1,400[101] 9 1986 1992
Kosmos-3M   Soviet Union
  Russia 		NPO Polyot 1,500[102] 442[103] 1967 2010
M-V   Japan IHI, Nissan[29][60] 1,800[30] 7 1997 2006
Athena II   United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[104] 3[105] 1998 1999
Delta 1900   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[80] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2910   United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[80] 6[80] 1975 1978
Rokot   Soviet Union
  Russia 		Khrunichev 1,950[106] 1,200 to SSO 34 1990 2019
Vega   Italy
  Europe[c] 		Avio 1,450 to SSO 22 2012 2024

Notes

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  1. ^ Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.
  2. ^ OS-M1 Variant of OS-M was launched
  3. ^ The lead manufacturer is from Italy, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ A third rocket exploded before launch
  2. ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

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  • Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X.
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