Sima Zhou (227 – 12 June 283[2]), courtesy name Zijiang, posthumously known as Prince Wu of Langya (琅琊武王), was an imperial prince and military general of the Jin dynasty of China. He previously served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. His grandson, Sima Rui, was the founding emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty.
| Sima Zhou 司馬伷 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince of Langya (琅邪王) | |||||||||
| Tenure | 5 October 277 – 12 June 283 | ||||||||
| Successor | Sima Jin | ||||||||
| Prince of Dongguan (東莞王) | |||||||||
| Tenure | 9 February 266 – 4 October 277 | ||||||||
| Born | 227 | ||||||||
| Died | 12 June 283 (aged 56) | ||||||||
| Spouse | Lady Zhuge (died 304[1]; daughter of Zhuge Dan and elder sister of Zhuge Jing) | ||||||||
| Issue Detail |
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| House | House of Sima | ||||||||
| Father | Sima Yi | ||||||||
| Mother | Lady Fu | ||||||||
Life in Cao Wei
editSima Zhou was born to Sima Yi and his concubine Lady Fu (伏氏); he was Lady Fu's second son.[3] He had three full brothers: Sima Liang, Sima Jing (司馬京) and Sima Jun (司馬駿). He started his career as a military officer in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. As a youth, he already had a reputation for being talented. He was also well regarded because of his family background; the Sima family had been the de facto rulers of Wei since February 249 (after the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs). Sima Zhou was first appointed as Ningshuo General (寧朔將軍) and put in charge of the security of the Wei nobles living in Ye city. At some point during the Zhengshi era (240–249) of Cao Fang's reign, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Nan'an Village (南安亭侯). Later, he was promoted to a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) and elevated from a village marquis to a district marquis under the title "Marquis of Dongwu District" (東武鄉侯). In April 258, his father-in-law Zhuge Dan was killed after rebelling; his wife Lady Zhuge was spared[4] while other relatives of Zhuge Dan were killed.
In June 260, the Wei emperor Cao Mao attempted to seize back power from the Sima family by staging a coup d'état against the regent Sima Zhao (Sima Zhou's half-brother). Sima Zhou, then holding the position of a Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯騎校尉), led his troops to stop Cao Mao. However, his men dispersed in fear when Cao Mao shouted at them.[5] Cao Mao eventually met his end at the hands of Cheng Ji (成濟), a subordinate of Sima Zhao's adviser, Jia Chong.
In 263, during the reign of Cao Huan, Sima Zhou was appointed as General of the Right (右將軍) and Inspector (刺史) of Yan Province. A year later, after Sima Zhao restored the five-rank nobility system, which had previously been abolished, Sima Zhou was enfeoffed as the Count of Nanpi (南皮伯). He was also reassigned to be General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍) and granted imperial authority.
Life under the Jin dynasty
editOn 8 February 266, a few months after Sima Zhao's death, his son Sima Yan (Emperor Wu) usurped the throne from Cao Huan and established the Jin dynasty to replace the Cao Wei state, with himself as the new emperor. The day after his coronation,[6] Emperor Wu enfeoffed his uncle Sima Zhou as the Prince of Dongguan (東莞王) with a princedom comprising 10,600 taxable households. He also granted permission to all the princes to appoint the county prefects/chiefs for the counties in their princedoms. Sima Zhou petitioned Emperor Wu to remove this privilege, but the emperor refused.
On 17 March 268,[7] Emperor Wu appointed Sima Zhou as Right Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書右僕射) and General Who Pacifies the Army (撫軍將軍). In c.April 269,[8] he reassigned Sima Zhou to be Senior General Who Guards the East (鎮東大將軍) and granted him imperial authority to replace Wei Guan in supervising military affairs in Xu Province. During his tenure, Sima Zhou instilled good discipline among the troops and earned their respect. The military leaders in the Jin dynasty's rival state, Eastern Wu, were very wary of him.
On 5 October 277,[9] Emperor Wu heeded a suggestion by the minister (and his uncle-in-law[10]) Yang Yao (楊珧) and started reshuffling the various princes and their princedoms. As Sima Zhou was in Xu Province at the time, Emperor Wu enfeoffed him as the Prince of Langya (琅邪王) while at the same time allowing him to retain his original princedom in Dongguan; Sima Zhou's princedom thus comprised both the commanderies of Dongguan and Langya.
In late 279, Sima Zhou participated in the Jin dynasty's campaign against Eastern Wu and led thousands of troops to attack the Wu position at Tuzhong (塗中). In May 280, Sun Hao, the last Wu emperor, surrendered to the Jin dynasty. China was thus reunified under the Jin dynasty's rule. As a reward for Sima Zhou's contributions during the campaign, Emperor Wu enfeoffed two of Sima Zhou's sons as village marquises, each with a marquisate comprising 3,000 taxable households, in addition to granting him 6,000 rolls of silk. Some months later, Sima Zhou was reassigned to supervise military affairs in Qing Province and was given an additional appointment as a Palace Attendant (侍中). He was subsequently promoted to General-in-Chief (大將軍) and allowed to set up his own administrative office.
When Sima Zhou became critically ill in 283, Emperor Wu bestowed several gifts on his family and even sent officials to visit him and enquire about his health. Sima Zhou died later that year at the age of 57 (by East Asian age reckoning). Emperor Wu honoured him with the posthumous title "Prince Wu" (武王). Before his death, Sima Zhou had requested to be buried beside his mother Lady Fu after his death and for his princedom to be divided among his four sons: Sima Jin (司馬覲), Sima Dan (司馬澹), Sima Yao (司馬繇) and Sima Cui (司馬漼). Emperor Wu approved his request. Among Sima Zhou's four sons, the eldest, Sima Jin (father of Sima Rui), inherited his father's peerage as the Prince of Langya.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Her son Sima Yao was at Yecheng in August 304 to tend to her funeral, where he offended Sima Ying, the Prince of Chengdu who was stationed at the city. Sima Yao was later arrested and executed in September.
- ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, Sima Zhou died on the jihai day of the 5th month of the 4th year of the Taikang era. This corresponds to 12 Jun 283 on the Julian calendar. [(太康四年)五月己亥，大将军、琅邪王伷薨。] Jin Shu, vol.03
- ^ Volume 38 of Book of Jin recorded the age order of Lady Fu's four sons. (伏夫人生汝南文成王亮、琅邪武王伷、清惠亭侯京、扶风武王骏...) Jin Shu, vol.38
- ^ One reason why Lady Zhuge was spared could be that the couple's eldest son Sima Jin was then about two years old; Lady Zhuge could also have been pregnant with their second son, Sima Dan. Sima Jin's biography in Book of Jin recorded that he was 35 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died in 290 (1st year of the Tai'xi era).
- ^ (文王弟屯骑校尉伷入，遇帝于东止车门，左右呵之，伷众奔走。) Hanjin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol.04
- ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, he ascended the throne on the bingyin day of the 12th month of the 1st year of the Taishi era. This corresponds to 8 Feb 266 on the Julian calendar. On the dingmao day (i.e. the next day), he created Zhou the Prince of Dongguan. (泰始元年冬十二月丙寅，设坛于南郊，...于是大赦，改元......丁卯,....伷为东莞王，...) Jin Shu, vol. 03.
- ^ ([泰始四年]二月...甲寅...东莞王伷为尚书右仆射。) Jin Shu, vol.03
- ^ Emperor Wu's biography in Book of Jin recorded that Sima Zhou was made Senior General Who Guards the East on the ren'yin day of the 2nd month of the 5th year of the Tai'shi era. But, there was no ren'yin day in that month; the month corresponds to 20 Mar to 18 Apr 269 in the Julian calendar.([泰始五年]二月...壬寅, ....东莞王伷镇东大将军、都督徐州诸军事.) Jin Shu, vol.03.
- ^ According to Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin, the shuffling of the princedoms took place on the guihai day of the 8th month of the 3rd year of the Xianning era. This corresponds to 5 Oct 277 on the Julian calendar. [(咸宁三年)八月癸亥，徙扶风王亮为汝南王，东莞王伷为琅邪王，汝阴王骏为扶风王，琅邪王伦为赵王，渤海王辅为太原王，太原王颙为河间王，北海王陵为任城王，陈王斌为西河王，汝南王柬为南阳王，济南王耽为中山王，河间王威为章武王。立皇子玮为始平王，允为濮阳王，该为新都王，遐为清河王，巨平侯羊祜为南城侯。] Jin Shu, vol.03
- ^ Yang Yao was a younger brother of Yang Jun and thus an uncle of Emperor Wu's second empress Yang Zhi.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.