36°11′53″N 37°09′48″E / 36.198133°N 37.16328°E
| Siege of Aleppo (1260) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mongol invasions of the Levant | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ayyubid dynasty | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah | |||||||
The siege of Aleppo lasted from 18 January to 24 January 1260.[1]
After receiving the submission of Harran and Edessa, Mongol leader Hulagu Khan crossed the Euphrates, sacked Manbij and placed Aleppo under siege.[2] He was supported by forces of Bohemond VI of Antioch and Hethum I of Armenia. For six days the city was under siege. Assisted by catapults and mangonels, Mongol, Armenian and Frankish forces overran the entire city, except for the citadel which held out until 25 February and was demolished following its capitulation.[3] The ensuing massacre, which lasted six days, was methodical and thorough, in which nearly all Muslims and Jews were killed, though most of the women and children were sold into slavery.[4] Also included in the destruction was the burning of the Great Mosque of Aleppo.[5][6]
Following the siege, Hulagu had some of Hethum's troops executed for burning the mosque,[5] Some sources state that Bohemond VI of Antioch (leader of the Franks) personally saw to the mosque's destruction.[7] Later, Hulagu Khan restored to Hethum castles and districts which the Ayyubids had previously conquered from the Armenians.[6]
Ibrahim, the brother of Ibn Batish, was killed during the siege.[8]
References
edit- ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Ed. J. A. Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 350.
- ^ Grousset 1991, p. 361.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen R., Genghis Khan and the Mongol conquests, 1190-1400, (Taylor & Francis, 2005), 60.
- ^ Kagay, Donald J. and L. J. Andrew Villalon, Crusaders, condottieri, and cannon, (BRILL, 2003), 137.
- ^ a b Riley-Smith et al. 2003, p. 204.
- ^ a b Grousset 1991, p. 362.
- ^ Asbridge, Thomas S., The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land, (HarperCollins, 2010), 616.
- ^ al-Māniʿ 1976, p. 53.
Bibliography
edit- Eddé, Anne-Marie (1987–1988). "La prise d'Alep par les mongols en 658/1260". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 5/6: 226–240. JSTOR 25802605.
- Grousset, René (1991). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press.
- Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. Yale University Press.
- al-Māniʿ, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Nāṣir [in Arabic] (1976). An Edition of Ghayāt al-Wasāʾil Ilā Maʿrifat al-Awāʾil by Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh al-Mawṣilī, Known as Ibn Bāṭīsh (575–655/1179–1257) (PhD diss.). University of Exeter.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Christopher, Simon; Edbury, Peter W.; Phillips, Jonathan P. (2003). The Experience of Crusading. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.