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Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

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Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (Persian: مسجد شیخ لطف الله)[2] is one of the masterpieces of Iranian architecture that was built during the Safavid Empire, standing on the eastern side of Naqsh-i Jahan Square, Esfahan, Iran. Construction of the mosque started in 1603 and was finished in 1619. It was built by the chief architect Mohammadreza Isfahani, during the reign of Shah Abbas I of Persia. On the advice of Arthur Upham Pope, Reza Shah Pahlavi had the mosque rebuilt and repaired in the 1920s.

Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Religion
AffiliationShia Islam
ProvinceIsfahan Province
Location
LocationIsfahan, Iran
MunicipalityIsfahan County
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque is located in Iran
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Shown within Iran
Geographic coordinates32°39′26″N 51°40′44″E / 32.65722°N 51.67889°E / 32.65722; 51.67889
Architecture
Architect(s)Ostad Mohammad Reza Isfahani
TypeMosque
StyleIsfahani[1]
Completed1619
Specifications
Dome(s)1
Dome height (outer)32m
Dome dia. (outer)22m
Minaret(s)0

History

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The purpose of this mosque was for it to be private to the royal court (unlike the Shah Mosque, which was meant for the public).[3] For this reason, the mosque does not have any minarets and is smaller. Indeed, few Westerners at the time of the Safavids even paid any attention to this mosque, and they certainly did not have access to it.

 
Interior view

To avoid having to walk across the Square to the mosque, Shah Abbas had the architect build a tunnel spanning the piazza from the Ali Qapu Palace to the mosque. On reaching the entrance of the mosque, one would have to walk through a passage that winds round and round, until one finally reached the main building. Along this passage there were standing guards, and the obvious purpose of this design was to shield the women of the harem as much as possible from anyone's entering the building.[4]

Today, these doors are open to visitors, and the passage underneath the field is no longer in use.

Sheikh Lotfollah

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Throughout its history, this mosque has been referred to by different names. For Junabadi it was the mosque with the great dome (Masjed-e qubbat-e ’azim) and the domed mosque (qubbat masjed), while contemporary historian Iskandar Munshi referred to it as the mosque of great purity and beauty.[5] On the other hand, European travellers, such as Jean Chardin referred to the mosque using the current name, and Quranic inscriptions within the mosque, done by Iranian calligrapher Baqir Banai, also include the name of Sheikh Lutfallah. In addition, the reckonings of Muhibb Ali Beg, the Imperial Treasurer, show that the Imam's salary came directly from the imperial household's resources. All this suggests that not only was the building indeed named after Sheikh Lutfallah, but also, that this famous imam was among the first prayer-leaders for the royal court in this very mosque.[6]

Architecture

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The dome does not stand directly behind the entrance, but is offset to the south.

The entrance gateway, like those of the Grand Bazaar and the Masjed-e Shah, was a recessed half-moon. Also, as in the Masjed-e Shah, the lower façade of the mosque and the gateway are constructed of marble, while the haft-rangi tiles (Persian: هفت‌رنگی, lit, "seven-coloured", "polychrome mosaics") decorate the upper parts of the structure.[7]

 
Entrance door leading from the L-shaped vestibule into the mosque.

The monument's architect was Mohammad-Reza Isfahani, who solved the problem of the difference between the direction of qibla and gateway of the building by devising an L-shaped connecting vestibule between the entrance and the enclosure. Reza Abbasi's inscription on the entry gateway gives the date of the start of construction.[8] The north-south orientation of the Maydan does not agree with south-west direction of qibla; it is set at 45 degrees to it.[9] This feature, called pāshnah (پاشنه) in Persian architecture,[10] has caused the dome to stand not exactly behind the entrance iwan (see picture).[9]

Its single-shell dome is 13 metres (43 ft) in diameter.[11] The exterior side is richly covered with tiles.[9]

Compared with the Shah Mosque, the design of the Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque is quite simple: there is no courtyard, and there are no interior iwans. The building itself consists of a flattened dome resting on a square dome chamber.[12] However, in contrast to the simple structure of this mosque, the decoration of both interior and exterior is exceedingly complex,[13] and in its construction the finest materials were used and the most talented craftsmen employed. Robert Byron wrote about this sight: I know of no finer example of the Persian Islamic genius than the interior of the dome:

 
The interior side of the dome. The decoration seems to lead the eye upwards toward its center, as the rings of ornamental bands filled with arabesque patterns become smaller and smaller.[13]

The dome is inset with a network of lemon-shaped compartments, which decrease in size as they ascend towards the formalised peacock at the apex... The mihrāb in the west wall is enamelled with tiny flowers on a deep blue meadow. Each part of the design, each plane, each repetition, each separate branch or blossom has its own sombre beauty. But the beauty of the whole comes as you move. Again, the highlights are broken by the play of glazed and unglazed surfaces; so that with every step they rearrange themselves in countless shining patterns... I have never encountered splendour of this kind before.[14]

The "peacock" at the centre of the interior side of the dome is one of the unique characteristics of the mosque. If you stand at the entrance gate of the inner hall and look at the center of the dome, a peacock, whose tail is the sunrays coming in from the hole in the ceiling, can be seen.

 
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque

At the interior side of the dome, the aethetic purpose of the long, low, gloomy passage leading to the dome chamber becomes evident, for it is with a sense of heightened anticipation that one enters the sanctuary. Lowness gives way to soaring height and gloom is dispelled by the steady illumination of nearly a score of windows.[15]

Barbara Brend described as follows: "the turquoise cable moulding of an arch is seen below the dome, in which concentric rings of thirty-two lozenges diminish in size as they approach a centre which gives an impression of luminosity. The design, which suggests both movement and stillness, is a powerful though not an explicit vehicle of religious symbolism, speaking of the harmony of the universe. ... The support system of dome is illustrated by eight great arches of turquoise tilework in cable form which rise from a low dado to the full height of the wall, four in the position of squinches and four against the side walls; between them are kite-shaped squinches-pendentives. Within the dome, ranks of units of tilework of ogee-mandorla form are set in a lattice of plain brick and diminish in size until they meet a central sunbrust patterned with a tracery of arabesque".[9]

The structure of the dome of Lotfollah mosque and that of Blue mosque of Tabriz is believed to be derived from that of Shah Vali mosque of Taft, Yazd.[16]

The tiling design of this mosque, as well as that of Shah Mosque and other Persian mosques of even before Safavid period, seems to be not completely symmetrical – particularly, in colours of patterns. They have been described as intentional, "symmetrical" asymmetries.[17]

Architects of the complex were Sheikh Baha'i (chief architect) and Ustad Mohammad Reza Isfahani.[1]

The building was completed in 1618 (1028 AH).[18]

Art

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The Ardabil Carpet. The design is derived from the interior side of the dome of Shekh Lotfollah Mosque.

Design of the Ardabil Carpet was from the same concept as that of the interior side of the dome.[19] Also design of the "Carpet of Wonders", which will be the biggest carpet of the world, is based on the interior design of the dome.[20] It has been suggested that concepts of the mystic philosopher Suhrawardi about the unity of existence was possibly related to this pattern at the interior side of the dome.[21][22] Ali Reza Abbasi, the leading calligrapher at the court of Shah Abbas, has decorated the entrance, above the door, with majestic inscriptions with the names and titles of Shah Abbas, the Husayni and the Musavi, that is, the descendants of Imams Husayn and Musa.[23]

The running inscription in white tile on blue ground on the exterior drum of the dome, visible to the public, consists of three surah (chapters) from the Quran; al- Shams (91, The Sun), al-Insan (76, Man) and al-Kauthar (108, Abundance). The surah emphasize the rightness of a pure soul and the fate in hell of those who reject God's way, most likely referring to the Ottoman Turks.[24]

Turning right at the entrance to the domed prayer chamber, one first encounters the full text of Surah 98, al- Bayyina, the Clear Proof. The message of this chapter is that clear evidence of the true scripture was not available to the People of the Book (i.e. Christians or Jews) until God sent his messenger Muhammad. The horizontal band of script at the bottom of the arch is not Quranic, but states that God's blessings are on the (Shi’i) martyrs. Thus, Shi’i invocation echoes the Quranic verses in its stress on the truthfulness of God's message.[25]

The fact that two poems by Shaykh Bahai, a devoted Sufi, grace the walls of Shah Abbas' private mosque, proves that, although some Sufi elements in the empire were suppressed, Sufism as a general phenomenon continued to play an important role in the Safavid society.[26]

The design of the interior of the dome also inspired the design of the Azadi Square in Tehran.[27][28]

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    Front view - as seen from the balcony of the Ali Qapu palace
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    Details of the Interior design of Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque
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    Interior wall and ceiling
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    Interior of the dome
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    Mihrab
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    Tiles
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    Sheikh Lotf Allah mosque entry gateway
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    Interior detail of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (1)
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    Interior detail of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (2)
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    Interior detail of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque (3)
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    Dome of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
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    The inscriptions on the dome is written by the famous calligrapher Ali Reza Abbasi, in thuluth and nasta'liq styles.[1]
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    Naqsh-e Jahan Square at night
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Āzarnoush, Āzartāsh. "اصفهان" [Isfahan]. Encyclopaedia Islamica (in Persian). Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  2. ^ Also transliterated as Lotfallah, Lotf Allah, Lutfullah, Lutfallah, Lutf Allah
  3. ^ Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia, Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; p. 53, p.143
  4. ^ http://www.kulturreiser.no/reisene/iran0411.asp[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Blake, Stephen P.; Half the World, The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590- 1722; p. 149
  6. ^ Blake; p 149
  7. ^ Blake; p. 148
  8. ^ Blake; p. 147
  9. ^ a b c d Brend, Barbara (1991). Islamic Art. Harvard University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-674-46866-X. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  10. ^ مسجد شیخ لطف الله [Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque] (in Persian). IRIB. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  11. ^ L. Baker, Patricia; Smith, Hilary (2009). Iran (3 ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84162-289-7. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  12. ^ Savory, Roger; Iran Under the Safavids; p. 163
  13. ^ a b Savory, Roger (1976). Introduction to Islamic Civilisation (10 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-521-09948-X. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  14. ^ Byron, Robert; The Road to Oxiana; p. 177- 8
  15. ^ Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence, eds. (1986). "Safavid Architecture". The Cambridge History of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. p. 785. ISBN 0-521-24699-7. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  16. ^ Jaʿfari, Shivā. "تفت" [Taft]. Encyclopaedia Islamica (in Persian). Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2012-04-07. اهمیت این مسجد بیشتر از جهت گنبد و مقصورۀ آن است که می‌توان ساختمان گنبد مسجدکبود در تبریز و شیخ لطف‌الله در اصفهان را تقلیدی از این بنا دانست.
  17. ^ Soleymāni, Amin (2007). اشاره‌ای به بی‌قرینگی در نقوش کاشی‌کاری دو مسجد امام و شیخ لطف الله اصفهان [Asymmetry in Tiling Designs of the Imam Mosque and the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan]. Âyene-ye Khiâl (in Persian) (2). Iranian Academy of the Arts: 6–17. Retrieved 2012-04-07.[permanent dead link‍]
  18. ^ Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 737. ISBN 0-521-29138-0. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  19. ^ مسجد شیخ لطف الله [Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque] (in Persian). isfahanportal.ir. Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  20. ^ فرش ایرانی [Persian carpet] (in Persian). Aftab Magazine. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  21. ^ Khosravi, Shahnāz. گزارش ميزگرد "ضرورت تدوين و تأليف كتب در مباني حكمي و فلسفي هنر" (in Persian). Iranian Academy of the Arts. Archived from the original on 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  22. ^ Canby, Sheila R.; Shah Abbas, The Remaking of Iran, pp. 28–35
  23. ^ Canby; p.28
  24. ^ Canby; p. 30
  25. ^ Canby; p.30
  26. ^ Canby; p.33
  27. ^ Nawrūzī Ṭalab, Ḥamīd Riz̤ā (2013). Az Tihrān tā Tihrān : jilvahʹhā-yi zindagī, hunar va miʻmārī [Tehran, past & present: a glance at the features of life, art and architecture] (in Persian). Tihrān: Yasāvulī. p. 99. ISBN 978-964-306-396-2.
  28. ^ "BBCPersian.com". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 1 June 2020.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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