SS Iron Knight was a bulk carrier that was built in Scotland in 1937 for the Australian Broken Hill Pty, Ltd (BHP) to carry iron ore. A Japanese submarine sank her by torpedo off the coast of New South Wales in 1943, killing 36 of her crew. A wreck that was identified as that of Iron Knight is protected by the Australian federal Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018.
 Iron Knight in 1940
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Australia | |
| Name | Iron Knight |
| Owner | Broken Hill Pty |
| Port of registry | Melbourne |
| Builder | Lithgows, Port Glasgow |
| Yard number | 902 |
| Launched | 27 August 1937 |
| Completed | October 1937 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo, 8 February 1943 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | bulk carrier |
| Tonnage | 4,812 GRT, 2,737 NRT |
| Length | 404.5 ft (123.3 m) registered |
| Beam | 56.2 ft (17.1 m) |
| Draught | 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) |
| Depth | 23.2 ft (7.1 m) |
| Decks | 1 |
| Installed power | 553 NHP |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 11 knots (20 km/h) |
| Crew | 50 |
| Sensors and processing systems | echo sounding device |
| Armament | DEMS |
| Notes | sister ships: Iron Baron, Iron King, Iron Chieftain |
Building
editIn 1936 and 1937 Lithgows in Port Glasgow built four sister ships for BHP. Iron Baron and Iron King were launched in 1936.[1][2] Iron Knight and Iron Chieftain were launched in 1937.[3][4] Iron Knight was launched in 27 August[3] and completed in October.[5]
The four ships shared a similar layout, with a bridge and main superstructure amidships and engine room and funnel aft. All four ships had the same beam of 56.2 ft (17.1 m) and depth of 23.2 ft (7.1 m). Iron Knight and Iron Chieftain had a registered length of 404.5 ft (123.3 m), which was 11.3 ft (3.4 m) longer than Iron Baron and Iron King. Iron Knight's tonnages were 4,812 GRT and 2,737 NRT.[5]
A Lithgows' subsidiary, David Rowan and Co of Glasgow, built the engines for all four sisters. Each ship had a single screw, driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine, supplemented by an exhaust steam turbine driving a steam compressor.[5] The exhaust turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Between them, Iron Knight's piston engine and exhaust turbine were rated at 553 NHP[5] and gave her a speed of 11 knots (20 km/h).[6]
BHP registered Iron Knight in Melbourne. Her UK official number was 159568 and her call sign was VLJZ.[5]
Second World War
editIron Knight carried iron ore in Australian coastal waters. After Japan entered the Second World War in December 1941, Iron Knight sailed in CO and OC series coastal convoys for protection. Typically she took iron ore from Newcastle, NSW to ports in Victoria and South Australia.[7]
Japanese submarines attacked shipping in Australian waters, and particularly off the coast of New South Wales. Ore carriers acquired a reputation as "death ships" because the density of their cargo caused them to sink too quickly for their crew to launch lifeboats. Life-rafts were fitted on sloping skids to be launched quickly.[8] When Iron Chieftain was sunk on 3 June 1942, 37 of her 49 crew survived, 12 of them thanks to a life-raft.[9]
Loss
editEarly in February 1943 Iron Knight left Whyalla, South Australia.[10] On 5 February she joined Convoy OC 68, which left Melbourne bound for Newcastle. Including Iron Knight, OC 68 comprised ten merchant ships escorted by the corvettes HMAS Mildura and Townsville.[11]
On 8 February OC 68 was about 11 nautical miles (20 km) off Montague Island, with Iron Knight at the head of the convoy. At 0230 hrs Japanese submarine I-21 fired a torpedo at Townsville. It passed under the corvette's bow and then hit Iron Knight.[12] She sank by her bow within two minutes, killing 36 members of her crew. Another 14 crew members survived by clinging to wreckage and boarding one of Iron Knight's life-rafts.[10]
In accordance with naval practice at the time, OC 68 kept going and other ships the convoy did not stop to rescue survivors. Instead, 10 hours later the Free French destroyer Le Triomphant arrived and rescued them.[10] To give the survivors clean dry clothes to change into, the destroyer crew issued French naval uniforms to them all.[13]
In accordance with standard practice at the time, BHP stopped the survivors' pay from the moment Iron Knight was sunk. The company gave the survivors 30 days unpaid leave after the sinking, but deducted their time adrift in the raft from that 30 days.[13]
Heritage
editIn 2006 a wreck believed to be Iron Knight was found off the coast of Bermagui, NSW, at a depth of 125 m (410 ft). Federal Australian law protects the wreck. On 4 August 2006 the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage declared it a protected wreck.[10] A few years later, the identification of the wreck as Iron Knight was cast into doubt.[13] However, whatever its identity, the wreck is now protected by the Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018.
The Newcastle Merchant Mariners Memorial, outside Newcastle railway station, includes the names of the 36 members of the crew who were killed.[14][15]
References
edit- ^ "Iron Baron". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "Iron King". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Iron Knight". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "Iron Chieftain". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Steamers and Motorships". Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1939. Retrieved 5 April 2021 – via Southampton City Council.
- ^ Lettens, Jan; Vleggeert, Nico (26 August 2013). "SS Iron Knight ( 1943)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Hague, Arnold. "Ship Movements". Port Arrivals / Departures. Don Kindell, Convoyweb. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Miles, Patricia. "War Casualties and the Merchant Navy". Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "The Sinking of Newcastle's Iron Chieftain and Iron Crown". Company of Master Mariners of Australia. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Smith 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Hague, Arnold. "Convoy OC.68". OC Convoy Series. Don Kindell, Convoyweb. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Speight, Janek (7 February 2021). "Gallery: Keeping Iron Knight memory alive". The Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Stewart, Kerry (9 June 2015). "A merchant seaman's tale of survival from the sinking of the Iron Knight". Earshot. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ "Newcastle Mercantile Marine Memorial". Register of War Memorials in New South Wales. Office of Environment and Heritage. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ^ "Newcastle Merchant Mariners Memorial". New South Wales Memorials Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Smith, Tim (2006). "The Final Journey of the Iron Knight" (PDF). Heritage NSW. Vol. 13, no. 2, Spring. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
External links
edit- Rutledge, David (9 June 2015). Dad's Navy – The Untold Story of the Merchant Navy in WW2 (audio). Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
The merchant navy weren't just unlucky, they were targeted. Many Japanese and German officers were told to avoid engaging with naval ships at all cost because it was the merchant ships that they wanted to knock out.