Wikipedia

Roy Romanow

Roy John Romanow PC OC SOM KC (born August 12, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 12th premier of Saskatchewan from 1991 to 2001. He was the leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party from 1987 until his retirement in 2001. He was the Member of the Legislative Assembly for Saskatoon Riversdale from 1967 to 1982 and from 1986 to 2001.

The Honourable
Roy Romanow
PC OC SOM KC
Romanow in 2015, at the University of Ottawa
12th Premier of Saskatchewan
In office
November 1, 1991 – February 8, 2001
MonarchElizabeth II
Lieutenant GovernorSylvia Fedoruk
Jack Wiebe
Lynda Haverstock
Preceded byGrant Devine
Succeeded byLorne Calvert
Chair of the Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada
In office
April 2001 – November 2002
Prime MinisterJean Chrétien
Saskatchewan Leader of the Opposition
In office
November 7, 1987 – November 1, 1991
Preceded byAllan Blakeney
Succeeded byGrant Devine
3rd Leader of the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party
In office
November 7, 1987 – January 27, 2001
Preceded byAllan Blakeney
Succeeded byLorne Calvert
Deputy Premier of Saskatchewan
In office
June 30, 1971 – May 8, 1982
PremierAllan Blakeney
Succeeded byEric Berntson
Saskatchewan Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs
In office
June 19, 1979 – May 8, 1982
PremierAllan Blakeney
Preceded bynew office
Succeeded byJohn Gary Lane
Attorney General of Saskatchewan
In office
June 30, 1971 – May 8, 1982
PremierAllan Blakeney
Preceded byDarrel Verner Heald
Succeeded byJohn Gary Lane
Provincial Secretary of Saskatchewan
In office
June 30, 1971 – May 12, 1972
PremierAllan Blakeney
Preceded byDarrel Verner Heald
Succeeded byEdwin Tchorzewski
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
In office
October 11, 1967 – April 26, 1982
Preceded byNew Riding
Succeeded byJo-Ann Zazelenchuk
ConstituencySaskatoon Riversdale
In office
October 20, 1986 – February 8, 2001
Preceded byJo-Ann Zazelenchuk
Succeeded byLorne Calvert
ConstituencySaskatoon Riversdale
Personal details
Born
Roy John Romanow

(1939-08-12) August 12, 1939 (age 85)
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Political partyNew Democratic Party
Alma materUniversity of Saskatchewan
ProfessionLawyer

Romanow played a prominent role in Allan Blakeney's NDP government from 1971 to 1982, particularly in negotiations over Patriation of the Canadian Constitution. He became the Leader of the Opposition in 1987 before leading the NDP to three consecutive election victories in the 1990s. His time as premier left a divisive legacy within Saskatchewan political history. When Romanow first took office, Saskatchewan was facing the prospect of bankruptcy. His fiscal management brought the province back to balanced finances by the middle of the decade. However, his embrace of Third Way neoliberal politics disillusioned many within the NDP. Moreover, the perception that his cuts to spending disproportionately impacted rural Saskatchewan deepened an already growing divide between urban and rural issues and voters in the province, which factored prominently into future elections.

Early life

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Romanow was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1939 to Tekla and Michael Romanow, who were Ukrainian immigrants from Ordiv—currently Chervonohrad Raion—Ukraine. His first language was Ukrainian.[1][2]

He studied at the University of Saskatchewan, earning bachelor's degrees in Political science in 1960 and Law in 1964, while involving himself heavily in student politics—he served a year as president of the Students' Representative Council. Romanow then practiced law, articling with and joining Goldenburg, Taylor and Company in Saskatoon.[3] He married Eleanore Boykowich in 1967.[3]

Early political career (1967–1982)

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MLA and NDP leadership bid

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Romanow was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a member of the CCF-NDP in the 1967 provincial election in the riding of Saskatoon Riversdale; the election was won by Ross Thatcher's Liberals.[4] When Woodrow Lloyd resigned as party leader in 1970, the young Romanow entered the race to succeed him as leader of the NDP. Romanow was considered the most conservative of four candidates as he was joined by Allan Blakeney, a veteran civil servant and MLA in the governments of Lloyd and Tommy Douglas; Don Mitchell, an agrarian activist who represented the socialist Waffle faction of the party; and George Taylor, a labour candidate. Romanow led narrowly on the first and second ballots. The delegated election came down to a final ballot featuring Romanow and Blakeney, and Blakeney won with 54% of the vote.[5]

Blakeney government

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Romanow was re-elected in the 1971 provincial election, which resulted in a majority government for Blakeney and the NDP. Blakeney immediately offered his former leadership rival prominent cabinet posts—Romanow served as Attorney General and Deputy Premier for Blakeney's entire tenure as premier, from 1971 to 1982. This meant Romanow played a role in many of the key achievements of the NDP in this era, including the nationalization of the potash industry and battles with the federal government over resource rights and taxation, as well as Patriation of the Constitution.[6]

During the 1981 discussions over Patriation of the Constitution, federal Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien, Ontario Attorney General Roy McMurtry, Romanow, and Saskatchewan's director of constitutional law, John Whyte, worked out the final details of Canada's new constitutional provisions, resulting in the late-night Kitchen Accord.[7] Romanow objected strongly to any protections on private property in the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and none were included.

After three consecutive majority governments, Blakeney's NDP were swept from power in the 1982 election in a shocking upset by Grant Devine's Progressive Conservatives. Romanow himself was upset in Saskatoon Centre, losing to 23-year old PC candidate Jo-Ann Zazelenchuk by 19 votes.[8]

Late political career (1986–2001)

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Return and Opposition Leader (1986–1991)

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Romanow ran to reclaim his seat from Zazelenchuk in the 1986 election, and he won with nearly 70% of the vote.[8] The NDP largely rebounded in 1986, narrowly winning the popular vote, but Devine's PCs secured a second majority government with a particularly strong performance in rural Saskatchewan.[9] The result led Blakeney, who had stayed on as Opposition leader after the loss in 1982, to resign as party leader. Romanow ran to succeed Blakeney, and with no challengers was acclaimed the new NDP leader—and leader of the Opposition—on November 7, 1987.

It became clear during the PCs second term that the province's finances were in dire straits. The PCs ran a succession of large budget deficits, which peaked in 1986–87 at $1.2 billion, rapidly increasing the provincial debt.[10] Devine used the fiscal situation as justification to pursue the privatization of a wide range of crown corporations—including PotashCorp, one of the key achievements of the Blakeney era—which engendered fierce opposition from the NDP. The situation came to a head in 1989 when the government moved to privatize SaskEnergy, the natural gas division of SaskPower; in response, Romanow led a legislative walk-out of the Opposition, effectively bringing government business to a halt. After 17 days, the government relented and ended the sell-off of SaskEnergy.[11][12] When legislation to privatize PotashCorp was introduced later in 1989, the NDP, buoyed by its success with SaskEnergy, remained in the Legislature, ready to debate the legislation; however, the PCs enacted closure for the first time in provincial history to avoid debate on the issue and move forward with the legislation with no public scrutiny.[13] The PCs were persistently criticized late in their term for undemocratic tactics including prorogation of the Legislature and the dubious use of special warrants for spending.[14][15]

Devine's PCs, which were clearly deeply unpopular, put off the next election as long as legally possible.[15] When it finally occurred, Romanow led the NDP to a landslide majority government in the 1991 provincial election, winning 55 out of 66 seats, making Romanow Premier.[16]

Premier of Saskatchewan (1991–2001)

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When Romanow assumed office in 1991, the extent of the fiscal crisis facing the province began to become clearer. The provincial debt had reached nearly $15 billion under the Progressive Conservatives, and the province was facing the prospect of bankruptcy; interest payments on debt alone were accounting for more than 20% of government spending, second only to healthcare.[17][18] Romanow had campaigned on getting the province's fiscal house back in order, and dealing with the fiscal crisis became his government's top priority.[16][17]

Economic policy

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In justifying his prioritization of the fiscal crisis, Romanow appealed to the previous CCF/NDP regimes of Blakeney and Tommy Douglas who, despite increasing the size and role of the government and its spending, prioritized sound fiscal management and balanced budgets.[19][20] However, in their approach to dealing with the crisis, Romanow and finance minister Janice MacKinnon practiced austerity, greatly reducing government spending by downsizing the government and cutting services. They cited pressure from bondholders and a lack of assistance from the federal government as factors that increased the pressure to drastically reduce spending.[21] Some of the most controversial cuts including reforming provincial health care—replacing more than one hundred hospital boards with approximately thirty health regions, and ending acute-care in more than fifty rural hospitals—and ending the Gross Revenue Insurance Plan, which had directly supported crop farm incomes.[22] Such cuts were seen as disproportionately targeting rural life in the province.[23] Moreover, Romanow's governments adopted some of the same tactics the PCs had introduced to pass legislation, including closure when it came to their health care reforms.[24] The cuts to programs and services in rural Saskatchewan were deeply unpopular and would prove costly to the NDP in those regions.[10][23] However, such measures did lead to a balanced budget by 1995, sooner than had been expected and effectively ending concerns about the fiscal crisis.[25][26] After 1995, Romanow's government ran successive surpluses, and paid the debt down to approximately $10 billion.[18]

Re-elections and retirement

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Romanow led the NDP to a second majority in the 1995 provincial election. The PCs were reduced to third party status amid revelations of a major expense fraud scandal stemming from their last term in government, while the Liberals under Lynda Haverstock surged to Opposition status.[27] However, the NDP's seemingly solid grip on government and the growing frustrations of rural regions provided an impetus for a reorganization of conservatives in the province. In 1997, working behind the scenes with members of the federal Reform Party, four PC MLAs, including new leader Bill Boyd, and four Liberal MLAs—all from rural ridings—walked away from their parties and established the Saskatchewan Party.[28] With eight MLAs, the new party immediately took over Opposition status. In 1998, it chose former Reform MP Elwin Hermanson as its first leader.[29] Romanow framed the new party as an effort to rebrand the moribund Progressive Conservatives and took to referring to them as the "Saskatories".[30][31]

The NDP were widely expected to secure another majority in the 1999 provincial election.[32][33] The party was re-elected to a third consecutive term, but was in fact reduced to a minority of seats in the legislature, forcing Romanow to negotiate a coalition government with the Liberals, an agreement that resulted in appointing three Liberals to Cabinet.[34] This was the result of a strong performance by Hermanson's party—which actually edged the NDP in the popular vote—in rural areas; the Saskatchewan Party won 25 seats, but none in either Regina or Saskatoon. Hermanson capitalized on rural discontent with the NDP, characterizing spending cuts there as the NDP's "rural revenge", putting into stark relief the growing divide between urban and rural voters in the province.[24] Critics of Romanow's austerity politics pointed to declining party membership and voter engagement as troubling factors in the election.[32]

In 2000, less than a year after the election, Romanow announced that he would be retiring as soon as a successor was chosen by the party.[35] The announcement triggered a hotly contested leadership race with seven candidates—a far cry from Romanow's acclimation in 1987—with differing views for the future of the party.[36] Anti-neoliberal candidate Nettie Wiebe placed third in the 2001 leadership vote, while Romanow's attorney general Chris Axworthy was defeated on the final ballot by former cabinet minister Lorne Calvert, who was sworn in as premier on February 8, 2001.[37] Calvert had campaigned on the party's traditional social democratic values and a commitment to increase social spending. After Romanow's resignation, Calvert also succeeded him as MLA for Saskatoon Riversdale, winning the by-election there on March 19, 2001.[38]

Life after politics

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Federal arena

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Jean Chrétien's federal Liberal Party—a party with which Romanow had worked closely on Patriation in the early 1980s—encouraged Romanow to run for the party, but he declined. He stated that to do so would be a betrayal of the NDP, and he bargained instead for the opportunity to lead a Royal commission on the future of health care.[39] Romanow ultimately got his wish, and on April 4 2001, Romanow was appointed to head the Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, on the advice of Chrétien. The Romanow Report was released in 2002, outlining suggestions to improve the health care system. The Report urged the protection and strengthening of Canada's public health care system, calling for increased federal funding and a Health Charter outlining fundamental health care principles.[40] The Report has remained influential in health care discussions for decades.[41]

In 2003, Romanow was sworn in as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by Governor General Clarkson, again on the advice of Prime Minister Chrétien.[42]

Academic positions and honours

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After retiring from politics, Romanow became a senior policy fellow at the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Regina, as well as a visiting fellow at Queen's University.[42] In 2016, he was named Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan, a role he filled until the end of his term in 2019, when he remained a policy fellow at the university.[43][44]

In 2003, Romanow was awarded the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, and in 2004 was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.[45][46] Romanow's official portrait was unveiled at Saskatchewan's Legislative Assembly in 2005, when he received the Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan from Lieutenant Governor Lynda Haverstock.[47]

Legacy

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Romanow's tenure as premier left a divisive legacy. His government inherited a dire fiscal crisis, and their actions are credited with getting the province's finances back in order.[18] However, the pace at which Romanow's government addressed the problem, and the economic austerity it implemented in order to do so, have been subject to debate.[20] Critics from the traditional left wing of the NDP like John Conway and John Warnock, along with former leadership candidate Nettie Wiebe, charged Romanow with embracing neoliberalism and effectively betraying the NDP's social democratic tradition.[32][48] Others have conceded that Romanow was more fiscally conservative than would be expected from an NDP leader, but have underscored his commitment to social democratic values. His approach preserved a large activist role for government as well as a social safety net and investments in health care and education.[20] Howard Leeson, who worked with Romanow in the Blakeney government, wrote that Romanow had a "conservative approach to politics, tempered by a genuine concern for social needs", characterizing him as more of a "red tory" than a neoliberal.[49] Other observers, like historian Bill Waiser and political analyst Dale Eisler, have argued that the globalized economy in which Romanow operated left fewer options than were available to his NDP predecessors, and drastic actions were necessary to deal with the crisis.[19][23]

Ultimately, Romanow's embrace of Third Way politics signaled an entrenchment of neoliberal economics in the province. David McGrane concluded that, while Romanow's successor Lorne Calvert steered the NDP back further towards the left in terms of social policy, it effectively carried forward its economic legacy.[50] Even the fledgling conservative Saskatchewan Party found little to criticize with NDP economic policy at the turn of the century, focusing its criticism on the NDP's "management style" rather than its economic ideology.[34] The other lasting legacy of the Romanow era was a solidification of the rural-urban divide in Saskatchewan. That divide had been widened by the Devine Progressive Conservative government's rural emphasis;[51] Romanow's austerity, which was seen as disproportionately impacting rural areas, heightened the polarization and made the NDP deeply unpopular there.[10][52]

Electoral record

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Electoral history of NDP under Roy Romanow
Year Party Votes Seats Position
Total % ±% Total ±
1991 NDP 275,780 51.1% 5.9% 29 Majority government
1995 193,053 47.2% –3.8% –12 Majority government
1999 157,046 38.7% –8.5% –14 Minority government

Constituency elections

1999 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 3,130 57.89
Saskatchewan Mark Coderre 1,060 19.60
Liberal David Pillipow 923 17.07
New Green Neil Sinclair 167 3.09
Progressive Conservative Glenn Schriener 127 2.35
Total valid votes 5,407 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1995 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 3,715 68.18
Liberal Fred Langford 1,242 22.79
Progressive Conservative Jordon Cooper 412 7.56
Independent Eugene Pasap 80 1.47
Total valid votes 5,449 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1991 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 5,254 70.88
Liberal Gary La Plante 1,398 18.86
Progressive Conservative Gay Caswell 761 10.27
Total valid votes 7,413 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1986 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 5,490 68.52
Progressive Conservative Jo-Ann Zazelenchuk 2,114 26.36
Liberal Bernadine Droesse 408 5.09
Total valid votes 8,012 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1982 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
Progressive Conservative Jo-Ann Zazelenchuk 3,576 47.30
New Democratic Roy Romanow 3,557 47.04
Liberal Harold Flett 228 3.02
Aboriginal People's Joe Gallagher 143 1.89
Independent Alexander V. Barker 57 0.75
Total valid votes 7,561 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1978 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 5,225 64.75
Progressive Conservative Mary Cherneskey 2,205 27.32
Liberal Nestor W. Romaniuk 640 7.93
Total valid votes 8,070 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1975 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 4,172 62.42
Progressive Conservative Gary Barnes 1,551 23.20
Liberal William Stadnyk 961 14.38
Total valid votes 6,684 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1971 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 9,104 76.79
Liberal James F. Weber 2,751 23.21
Total valid votes 11,855 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division
1967 Saskatchewan general election: Saskatoon Riversdale
Party Candidate Votes %
New Democratic Roy Romanow 4,888 58.36
Liberal Margaret Gent 2,327 27.79
Progressive Conservative Emanuel Sonnenschein 1,160 13.85
Total valid votes 8,375 100.00
Source: Saskatchewan Archives - Election Results by Electoral Division

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Granatstein, J. L. (2008-10-21). Kucharsky, Danny (ed.). "Roy Romanow". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2018-12-21.
  2. ^ Gregory Marchildon, "Roy Romanow" in Gordon L. Barnhart (ed.), Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century (Regina: University of Regina Press, 2004), p. 354.
  3. ^ a b "Roy Romanow fonds". Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  4. ^ This was a transitional period between the party being known as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the New Democratic Party—before the end of the decade, the party would fully adopt the NDP name.
  5. ^ Borch, Peter (2005). The Rise and Decline of the Saskatchewan Waffle, 1966–1973. MA Thesis. Regina: University of Regina. pp. 84–85.
  6. ^ Romanow, Roy (2019). "Principled Pragmatism: Allan Blakeney and Saskatchewan's 'Resource Wars'". In Isinger, Russel; Whyte, John D.; Romanow, Roy; McGrane, David (eds.). Back to Blakeney: Revitalizing the Democratic State. Regina: University of Regina Press. pp. 6–12. ISBN 9780889776821.
  7. ^ Makin, Kirk (2012-04-19). "Charter architects unanimous about its future". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  8. ^ a b "Saskatoon Riversdale". CBC News. 2011-10-20. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  9. ^ Waiser, Bill (2005). Saskatchewan: A New History. Calgary: Fifth House. p. 448. ISBN 9781894856492.
  10. ^ a b c Eisler, Dale (2022). From Left to Right: Saskatchewan's Political and Economic Transformation. Regina: University of Regina Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780889778672.
  11. ^ Rasmussen, Merrilee (2001). "The Role of the Legislature". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  12. ^ Pitsula, James M.; Rasmussen, Ken (1990). Privatizing a Province: The New Right in Saskatchewan. Vancouver: New Star Books. pp. 194–196. ISBN 0-921586-09-4.
  13. ^ Rasmussen. "Role of the Legislature". Saskatchewan Politics. pp. 27–28.
  14. ^ Rasmussen. "Role of the Legislature". Saskatchewan Politics. pp. 32–34.
  15. ^ a b Eisler. From Left to Right. p. 149.
  16. ^ a b Praud, Jocelyne; McQuarrie, Sarah (2001). "The Saskatchewan CCF-NDP from the Regina Manifesto to the Romanow years". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 155. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  17. ^ a b Waiser. Saskatchewan. pp. 458–459.
  18. ^ a b c White-Crummey, Arthur (2020-10-23). "Battle of the records: Which party is better on growth, jobs, cuts and debt?". Regina Leader-Post. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  19. ^ a b Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 459.
  20. ^ a b c Praud; McQuarrie. "The Saskatchewan CCF-NDP". Saskatchewan Politics. pp. 156–157.
  21. ^ Butler, Patrick (2020-11-18). "Saskatchewan staved off bankruptcy in the '90s. Is there hope for N.L., too?". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  22. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. pp. 469–471.
  23. ^ a b c Mandryk, Murray (2022-04-22). "Devine plan: Election 40 years ago brought both scandal and political change". Regina Leader-Post. Archived from the original on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  24. ^ a b Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 471.
  25. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 461.
  26. ^ Praud; McQuarrie. "The Saskatchewan CCF-NDP". Saskatchewan Politics. p. 157.
  27. ^ Wishlow, Kevin (2001). "Rethinking the Polarization Thesis: The Formation and Growth of the Saskatchewan Party, 1997–2001". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty-First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 172. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  28. ^ Blake, Raymond (2008). "The Saskatchewan Party and the Politics of Branding". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Crowding the Centre. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780889772342.
  29. ^ Briere, Karen (1998-04-23). "Saskatchewan Party elects Hermanson as first leader". The Western Producer. Archived from the original on 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  30. ^ Wishlow. "Formation and Growth of the Saskatchewan Party". Saskatchewan Politics. p. 171.
  31. ^ Foot, Richard (2016-04-28). "Saskatchewan Party". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  32. ^ a b c Conway, John (2003-11-23). "NDP's left turn pays off". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  33. ^ "Saskatchewan in the Calvert era: between continuity and change". Policy Options. Institute for Research on Public Policy. 2004-05-01. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  34. ^ a b Wishlow. "Formation and Growth of the Saskatchewan Party". Saskatchewan Politics. pp. 177–178.
  35. ^ "Romanow quits politics 'forever'". CBC News. 2000-09-26. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  36. ^ Praud; McQuarrie. "The Saskatchewan CCF-NDP". Saskatchewan Politics. p. 166.
  37. ^ McGrane, David (2008). "Which Third Way? A Comparison of the Romanow and Calvert NDP Governments from 1991 to 2007". In Leeson, Howard (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Crowding the Centre. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 155. ISBN 9780889772342.
  38. ^ "Calvert claims victory". CBC News. 2001-03-19. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2024-04-07.
  39. ^ Greenspon, Edward (2000-09-26). "Why Romanow rebuffed Chrétien". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
  40. ^ "Romanow – A Defence of Public Health Care, But Is There a Map for the Road Ahead?". Policy Options. Institute for Research on Public Policy. 2003-02-01. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  41. ^ Pfrimmer, David (2020-06-21). "We need an ethical compass for fixing long-term care during the COVID-19 crisis". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  42. ^ a b "Roy Romanow B.A., L.L.B." University of Saskatchewan — Honorary Degree Recipients. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  43. ^ "Former premier Roy Romanow named U of S chancellor". CBC News. 2016-10-15. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  44. ^ "USask chancellor to step down following completion of term". University of Saskatchewan News. 2018-11-23. Archived from the original on 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  45. ^ "Citizens Receive Province's Highest Honour". Government of Saskatchewan (Press release). 2003-09-30. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  46. ^ "Writer named to Order of Canada". The Globe and Mail. 2004-01-28. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  47. ^ "Former Premier Portrait Unveiled". Government of Saskatchewan (Press release). 2005-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  48. ^ Brown, Lorne A.; Roberts, Joseph K.; Warnock, John W. (1999). Saskatchewan Politics from Left to Right, '44–'99. Regina: Hinterland Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-9685886-0-3.
  49. ^ Leeson, Howard A. (2001). "The Rich Soil of Saskatchewan Politics". In Leeson, Howard A. (ed.). Saskatchewan Politics: Into the Twenty First Century. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. p. 9. ISBN 0-88977-131-6.
  50. ^ McGrane. "Which Third Way?". Crowding the Centre. p. 143.
  51. ^ Waiser. Saskatchewan. p. 473.
  52. ^ Leeson. "Rich Soil". Saskatchewan Politics. p. 10.
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