Rawandiz (Kurdish: ڕەواندز, romanized: Rewandiz)[1][2] is a city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, located in the Erbil Governorate in Soran district, close to the borders with Iran and Turkey. It is only 7 km from the city center of Soran city and it is located 10 km to the east of the Bekhal Waterfall. The city is 123 km from Erbil. The city along with the Soran district is surrounded by the Zagros mountain range; Korek Mountain is to the south, Hindren Mountain to the north, Zozik Mountain to the west, and Bradasot Mountain to the east. Rawandiz is populated by Kurds.
Rawandiz | |
|---|---|
City | |
 View of Rawandiz | |
  Rawandiz Location in Iraq | |
| Coordinates: 36°36′43″N 44°31′29″E / 36.61194°N 44.52472°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Autonomous region | Kurdistan Region |
| Governorate | Erbil Governorate |
| District | Rawandiz District |
| Elevation | 658 m (2,159 ft) |
| Population (2003) | |
• Total | 95,089 |
| Time zone | UTC 3 |
Etymology
editThe name 'Rawandiz' derives from the name of the Rawandiz (Rawadiya) Kurdish tribe, of which Saladin and the Ayyubids originated. The tribe's name is a corruption of the Old Persian root, Erwend 'a pass,' and which was usually Hellenized into Orodes and Orontes.[3] The tribe was itself a branch of the Hadhabani confederation.[4]
History
edit
In the time of the Neo Assyrian Empire, from the 10th to the 7th centuries BC, the area lay on the trading route to Nineveh.[5]
The area came under the rule of the Emirate of Bradost after the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[6] The town would later come under the rule of the Soran Emirate until 1836.[7]
In 1915, during the First World War, the town was occupied by the Russians and Assyrians.[8] The Rawandiz massacre took place, where the Kurdish Muslim population was massacred by the Russian army and allied Assyrian militants; after Nikolai Baratov's Cossacks recaptured the town, only 20 percent of the Kurdish population managed to survive.[9] In 1922 the town was occupied by the Turks, until they were driven out at the end of the year.[10] The British army occupied the town on 22 April 1923. The British decided to stay in place to await the arrival of a special commission to fix the border between Turkey and Iraq, believing that if they left the Turkish troops would return.[11]
Between 1928 and 1932 the British built a strategic road from Erbil, through Rawandiz, to the Iranian border near modern-day Piranshahr. The construction of the road was directed by the New Zealand engineer A. M. Hamilton.[12] In 1940, the population was 1970.[7]
As of July 2007, Rawandiz was undergoing major reconstruction. The bazaar was being relocated to make room for a new road. In July 2011, in a response to a Turkish military offensive, local artists decided to paint the debris from the raids.[13] In 1930, A. M. Hamilton noted: "it has always been a place of grim deeds and bloody retributions. Its greater and its lesser rulers alike have nearly all met with violent deaths and even today this reputation is being well earned".[12] The anthropologist Edmund Leach went to Rawandiz in 1938, to study the Rawandiz Kurds, intending to make this the subject of his thesis. His field trip had to be aborted because of the Munich crisis, but he nevertheless published his monograph "Social and Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds" two years later.[14][15]
Climate
editLike most of Iraqi Kurdistan, Rawanduz has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with very hot dry summers and cool, wet winters. The winters see lows below freezing in many nights, making frost prevalent. Snowfall occurs occasionally.
| Climate data for Rawandiz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
9 (48) |
13.4 (56.1) |
20 (68) |
28.1 (82.6) |
33 (91) |
36 (97) |
42 (108) |
38 (100) |
28.2 (82.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
23.6 (74.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.7 (90.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
17.0 (62.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6 (21) |
−2 (28) |
0 (32) |
9 (48) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
10.4 (50.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 147 (5.8) |
169 (6.7) |
141 (5.6) |
98 (3.9) |
41 (1.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
12 (0.5) |
77 (3.0) |
108 (4.3) |
794 (31.4) |
| Source: Climate Data[16] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
editThe striking scenery has been noted by a number of visitors to the region. A. M. Hamilton relates that the Rawanduz gorge was said to be the finest in Asia.[17]
The Pank Tourist Resort, which was opened in 2007, it was the first such resort in Iraq. It includes a Ferris wheel and other rides, including a toboggan and Bobsled. Also includes a five-star hotel, restaurants, swimming pools, saunas, tennis courts, helipads and mini golf.[18] Mount Korek is one of the top 10 destinations to visit in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, there is a 4 kilometer long Doppelmayr Teleferic (cable car) from its Bekhal Bottom station to Mount Korek. The mountain is developed as an international destination. The Resort has developed 132 villas and several rides in his project which is called "The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa". There are also restaurants, cafes and helipads. The resort is a summer retreat providing cool environs when the whole region reels under high temperatures. During winters, it turns into a Ski Resort.[19]
Gallery
edit-
Nowruz 2021 in Rawanduz District -
Peruyan -
Rawanduz Gorge -
Rawanduz Gorge -
Jundian -
The statue of Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz -
Wasta Rajab Cannon -
Kawloka and behind it the city of Rawandiz -
-
Xerend Waterfall in Rawanduz -
A girl in Kurdish dress in Rawanduz
References
edit- ^ "لە هەوارگەی (شنگلبانە)ی گەشتیاری یەکەمەکانی سنووری ڕەواندز خەڵات دەکرێن" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Welatiyên Rewandiz li benda nexweşxaneyê ne". ROJ News (in Kurdish). 1 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Ainsworth, William (1888). "A Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition".
- ^ Humphreys, R. S. (1987). "AYYUBIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2. pp. 164–167.
- ^ Chahin, M. (1987). The kingdom of Armenia: a history. Croom Helm. ISBN 9780700714520. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Dehqan, Mustafa; Genç, Vural (2019). "The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609". Oriente Moderno. 99 (3): 306–320. doi:10.1163/22138617-12340222. S2CID 213564665. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b Bosworth, C.E. (1965). "Rawāndiz". Encyclopedia of Islam (2 ed.). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0914.
- ^ "Assyrians & the Assyrian Identity in the Ottoman Empire". Zinda magazine. 1999-11-16. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918, Michael A. Reynolds, page 158, 2011. Quote "The Russian's local allies often abetted this line of thinking. One Assyrian officer urged his superiors to drop the Russian rule of concilatings one's enemy peacefully in favor of all-out warfare on Muslims. The British Major E. W. C Noel described the extermination of the town of Rowanduz and the wholesale massacre of its [Muslim] inhabitants by what he dubbed Christian Army of Revenge of Agha Petros as one example of a long record of outrages
- ^ "The Development of Air Control in Iraq". National Archives (UK). October 1922. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Sluglett, Peter (1976). "The Kurdish Problem and the Mosul Boundary: 1918-1925". Ithaca. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ a b Hamilton, Archibald Milne (1930). Road through Kurdistan: travels in Northern Iraq. ISBN 9781850436379. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Rawandiz artists paint Turkish air raid debris in peaceful protest". AKNews. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
- ^ Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (2002). Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521521024. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Leach, Edmund (1940). "Social and Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds". London School of Economics. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Rawanduz". Climate-Data. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ^ Hamilton, Archibald Milne (1930). Road through Kurdistan: travels in Northern Iraq. ISBN 9781850436379. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Howard, Michael (2007-06-16). "All the fun of the fair - it must be Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "The resort - the Korek". The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa.