Quillaja saponaria, the soap bark tree or soapbark, is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae, native to warm temperate central Chile. In Chile it occurs from 32 to 40° South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m (6500 ft) above sea level. It can grow to 15–20 m (50–65 ft) in height. The tree has thick, dark bark; smooth, leathery, shiny, oval evergreen leaves 3–5 cm long; white star-shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs; and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10–20 seeds. The tree has several practical and commercial uses.
| Soap bark tree | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Quillajaceae |
| Genus: | Quillaja |
| Species: | Q. saponaria
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| Binomial name | |
| Quillaja saponaria | |
Habitat
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This tree occurs at elevations up to 2000 metres.[1] The species is drought resistant, and tolerates about −12 °C (10 °F) in its natural habitat.[2] Examples of specific occurrences are in central Chile in the forests of La Campana National Park and Cerro La Campana, in which locales it is associated with the Chilean wine palm, Jubaea chilensis.[3] It is often used for reforestation on arid soils.
The plant has been introduced as an ornamental in California, and has been acclimatized in Spain but are rarely cultivated there.
Etymology
editQuillaja is derived from the Chilean vernacular name for this species, culay.[4]
Saponaria means 'soap-like'.[4]
Uses
editThe wood is used in cabinetry, and scents derived from the tree are used in perfumes and cosmetics. The inner bark of Quillaja saponaria can be reduced to powder and employed as a substitute for soap, since it forms a lather with water, owing to the presence of a glycoside saponin, sometimes distinguished as quillaia saponin. The same, or a closely similar substance, is found in soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), in senega root (Polygala senega) and in sarsaparilla; it appears to be chemically related to digitonin, which occurs in digitalis.
Uses of the saponins
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Soap bark tree has a long history of medicinal use with the Andean people who used it as a treatment for various chest problems.[5] The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a more watery mucus in the airways, thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing.[5] The bark is the source of quillaia, the extract of which is used as a food additive and as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, fire-fighting foam, and applied as an agricultural spray adjuvant. It is used as an additive in photographic films and as a foaming agent for drinks.
The saponins in Quillaja Extract are also used as the active ingredient in commercial pesticides to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and nematodes in ornamental plants, food crops and turfgrass.[6][7]
The saponins of this tree are also considered to have adjuvant properties for vaccine solutions.[8] QS21 adjuvant is a saponin obtainable from Quillaja saponaria extract.[8][9][10] The Novavax vaccine for COVID-19 uses this adjuvant,[11] the zoster vaccine Shingrix also contains QS21 as well as the RSV vaccine Arexvy.[12]
References
edit- ^ Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora, 2009
- ^ J. Taylor. 1990.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008
- ^ a b Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 324, 340
- ^ a b Chevallier, A., The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, 1996
- ^ Office of Pesticide Programs. "Quillaja Saponaria". US EPA. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ "Saponins of Quillaja saponaria (097095) Fact Sheet" (PDF). US EPA. 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ a b Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, page 193
- ^ Ralla, Theo; Salminen, Hanna; Edelmann, Matthias; Dawid, Corinna; Hofmann, Thomas; Weiss, Jochen (2017). "Stability of Emulsions Using a New Natural Emulsifier: Sugar Beet Extract (Beta vulgaris L.)". Food Biophysics. 12 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1007/s11483-017-9482-7. S2CID 195071144.
- ^ Magnusson, Sofia E; et al. (2018). "Matrix-M™ adjuvant enhances immunogenicity of both protein- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza vaccines in mice". Immunologic research. 66 (2): 224–233. doi:10.1007/s12026-018-8991-x. PMC 5899102.
- ^ "Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 89.3% Efficacy in UK Phase 3 Trial" (Press release). Novavax. Jan 28, 2021.
- ^ "Product Monograph:Arexvy" (PDF). GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
Sources
edit- C. Donoso. 2005. Árboles nativos de Chile. Guía de reconocimiento. Edición 4. Marisa Cuneo Ediciones, Valdivia, Chile. 136p.
- Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora. 2009. Quillaja saponaria
- Adriana Hoffmann. 1998. Flora Silvestre de Chile, Zona Central. Edición 4. Fundación Claudio Gay, Santiago. 254p.
- C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- J. Taylor. 1990. The Milder Garden. Dent
- Chevallier, Andrew, 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, Dorling Kindersley, 336p.
- Singh, Manmohan, 2007. Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 457 pp.
External links
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- "Quillaja saponaria". Encyclopedia of Chilean Flora. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Quillaja Extracts". Quillaja Extract products and more info. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- "Quillaja saponaria pictures". Chilebosque. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Quillaja saponaria in Barcelona, Catalonya, Spain". Jardí Botànic de Barcelona. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- "Soapbark tree widely cultivated in California and Chemical benefits". Drug Information Online. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Soap-bark". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
