Pickpocket (film)

Pickpocket is a 1959 French film written and directed by Robert Bresson. It stars Martin LaSalle, in his feature film debut, in the title role, and features Marika Green, Pierre Leymarie, and Jean Pélégri in supporting roles. It features a pickpocket who is drawn to crime, despite the intercession of his family, his friends, and even an empathetic policeman.

Pickpocket
French theatrical poster
Directed by	Robert Bresson
Written by	Robert Bresson
Produced by	Agnès Delahaie
Starring	Martin LaSalle
Cinematography	Léonce-Henri Burel
Edited by	Raymond Lamy
Music by	Jean-Baptiste Lully
Release date	16 December 1959 (1959-12-16)
Running time	75 minutes
Country	France
Language	French

The film is generally considered to be one of Bresson's greatest films. Along with A Gentle Woman and Four Nights of a Dreamer, it is one of three Bresson movies heavily influenced by the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Bresson's favorite author. It combines elements of Crime and Punishment's Rodion Raskolnikov (who questions whether moral rules should apply to superior men) with a street-crime plot inspired by Samuel Fuller's film Pickup on South Street (1953).

Plot

Michel is an unemployed young man living in Paris. His friend Jacques and neighbor Jeanne try to help him get back on his feet, but Michel cannot hold down any of the jobs Jacques finds for him, considering them beneath him. Michel also has a distant relationship with his sickly mother. Despite Jacques and Jeanne's entreaties, he frequently comes up with excuses to not visit her.

Michel visits Longchamp Racecourse and steals money from a spectator's purse. To his surprise, the police arrest him. However, the chief inspector is forced to release him for lack of proof.

At a bar, Michel asks Jacques for help finding a job. Jacques is skeptical, but agrees to help. Coincidentally, the chief inspector is also at the bar. Michel comes to life and subtly gloats to the inspector about his escape. Like Dostoyevsky's Raskolnikov, he asserts that superior men should not be bound by the same laws as everyone else.

One day, Michel finds himself drawn to a subway pickpocket's alluring skill and aesthetic grace. Michel tries to copy the pickpocket's technique. After some early successes, he proudly tells Jacques he no longer needs a job. However, he is caught after a week, and is forced to lie low for a few days. While he waits, he sees a mysterious man lurking outside his flat. Although Jacques and Jeanne ask him to see his mother, who is very ill, Michel decides to pursue the mysterious man instead. The man turns out to be a pickpocket. He agrees to mentor Michel. They add a third pickpocket and develop a profitable partnership.

Michel's aloofness and focus on crime damages his relationship with his family and friends. He goes to a carnival with Jacques and Jeanne, but leaves to steal a man's watch. Later, he resentfully questions Jacques about whether he is in love with Jeanne. In addition, he neglects to visit his mother until she is on her deathbed; his mother kindly tells him that he has enough talent to succeed in life "whenever you want." After the mother dies, Michel and Jeanne argue about whether she will go to heaven. Michel asserts that moral rules do not exist. Jeanne asks Michel whether he believes in anything. Michel responds, "I believed in God—for three minutes."

Michel's two accomplices are arrested. Although Michel escapes, the chief inspector pointedly visits his flat to tell him he is a suspect. The inspector explains that while he hoped Michel would abandon crime after the close call at Longchamp, he no longer believes Michel will change. He adds that a month before Michel was arrested at the racetrack, Jeanne filed a police report saying that someone had stolen money from Michel's mother. However, the report was withdrawn the next day. He does not say who withdrew the complaint, but implies he knows Michel was the thief. After a conversation with Jeanne, Michel realizes that his mother withdrew the complaint, meaning that his mother knew her son stole from her. Jeanne is appalled, but tearfully hugs him.

To avoid the police, Michel flees to London, where he resumes pickpocketing. Two years later, he returns to Paris, having wasted all of his ill-gotten gains on gambling and women. He visits Jeanne and learns that while she had a child with Jacques, she decided to be a single mother because she did not love him. Struck by Jeanne's plight, Michel agrees to get an honest job to support the child, but his temptations remain.

One day, Michel finds himself following a racing enthusiast to Longchamp. After a race, the man brags to Michel about his winnings. Michel is suspicious, since the man's preferred horse actually lost the race, but cannot resist stealing from him. As it turns out, the man is a plainclothes officer conducting a sting operation. This time, the police actually send Michel to jail.

Jeanne dutifully visits Michel in jail every week, but when she skips three straight weeks, Michel finds himself pained by her absence. She visits the following week, and Michel kisses her. Michel remarks to himself, "Oh, Jeanne, what a strange path I had to take to reach you at last."

Cast

• Martin LaSalle as Michel
• Marika Green as Jeanne
• Jean Pélégri as the Chief Inspector
• Dolly Scal as the Mother
• Pierre Leymarie as Jacques
• Henri Kassagi as 1st Accomplice
• Pierre Étaix as 2nd Accomplice
• César Gattegno as an Inspector

Production

Bresson was supposedly inspired by Samuel Fuller's film Pickup on South Street (1953), which is also about pickpockets. (Pickup on South Street was not released in French theaters until 1961, but it was well-received at the 1954 Venice Film Festival.) Pickpocket shares many plot elements with Fuller's film, including the dying mother, the notion of the pickpocket as outsider, and "the interlinking of pocketpicking and sexuality."

In addition, at one point in the film, Jacques reads and asks to borrow Michel's copy of Richard S. Lambert's The Prince of Pickpockets: A Study of George Barrington.

Bresson wrote the film "in three months and shot [it] in the midst of crowds in a minimal amount of time." The resulting disorder proved to be a challenge during shooting, but was sometimes used to the crew's advantage, as in the Gare de Lyon pickpocketing sequence.

The French-Tunisian pickpocket Henri Kassagi acted as technical advisor on the film, as well as appearing as instructor and accomplice to the main character. After Pickpocket, Kassagi's face and techniques were too well known for him to continue with his old trade, and he changed career to become a successful stage magician.

Reception

Critical reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 46 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 9.0/10. The website's consensus reads: "Narratively spare and told with clockwork precision, Pickpocket is a carefully observed character study that packs an emotional wallop."

Awards

Pickpocket was entered into competition for the Golden Bear at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival, where it lost to El Lazarillo de Tormes. Cahiers du Cinema named it the fourth-best film of 1959.

Influence

Pickpocket is often considered one of Bresson's greatest films. Various filmmakers have voted for Pickpocket in the Sight and Sound poll of the greatest films of all time, including Paul Schrader, Theo Angelopoulos, Bertrand Bonello, and László Nemes. In the 2012 Sight and Sound poll, Pickpocket was ranked at #63, but it fell to #136 in the 2022 critics' poll (it was #93 in the directors' poll).

Werner Herzog praised the film by calling it "phenomenal" and "So intense and so beautiful… It makes you ache". Yorgos Lanthimos picked Pickpocket as "the most moving film I've ever seen". Christa Lang and Richard Linklater listed the film in their ten top picks from The Criterion Collection. In addition, the French streaming website La Cinetek lists Martin Scorsese, Chantal Akerman, Agnès Varda, Todd Haynes, and Agnieszka Holland as fans of the film, among others.

The film exerted a formative influence over the work of Schrader, who has described it as "an unmitigated masterpiece" and "as close to perfect as there can be", and whose films American Gigolo (1980), Patty Hearst (1988), Light Sleeper (1992), First Reformed (2017), and The Card Counter (2021) all feature endings similar to that of Pickpocket. In addition, Schrader's screenplay for Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976) bears many similarities, including confessional narration and a voyeuristic look at society. Schrader was inspired by Bresson's use of "an occupational metaphor" to highlight "a personal problem which is also reflective of a social malaise," noting that in Taxi Driver, the motif of a taxicab allowed him to show Travis Bickle as "a kid locked in a yellow coffin, floating through the open sewers of the city, who seems in the middle of a crowd to be absolutely alone." Schrader's admiration for Pickpocket led to his providing a filmed introduction for The Criterion Collection's 2005 DVD release of the film.

Pickpocket has been paraphrased by other films, such as Leos Carax's Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991). The Dardenne brothers' 2005 film L'Enfant has also been said to have been influenced by the film. Christopher Nolan said he studied Pickpocket, along with Bresson's earlier film A Man Escaped, when making his 2017 film Dunkirk, to study how Bresson created suspense through details.

Analysis

Comparison to Dostoyevsky

Critics have frequently noted how Pickpocket echoes Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment. Roger Ebert wrote: "Bresson's Michel, like Dostoyevsky's hero Raskolnikov, needs money in order to realize his dreams, and sees no reason why some lackluster ordinary person should not be forced to supply it. The reasoning is immoral, but the characters claim special privileges above and beyond common morality." Gary Indiana added that like Crime and Punishment, "A man commits forbidden acts, gets caught, and goes to prison, where his suffering is ameliorated by the steadfast love of a good woman." Additionally, the police inspector's game of cat-and-mouse with Michel has a parallel subplot in Crime and Punishment.

However, Indiana cautioned that Pickpocket is different from an adaptation, noting that Michel offers merely a "watery, feebly asserted version of Raskolnikov's Nietzscheanism" to defend his crimes, and that "his crimes never rise above the level of common, small-time transgression. They are enlarged to epic scale only by his neurasthenic imagination." Likewise, Cosmo Bjorkenheim writes that Michel's "half-baked Nietzschean-Raskolnikovian theory about an elite of geniuses sounds like something loosely quoted from Rope rather than something deeply felt." Ebert argues that Michel does not actually believe he is above the law, and that he is distinguished by his subconscious desire to be caught.

Subtext

As Paul Schrader summarized, "Pickpocket isn't really about being a pickpocket." Peter Labuza writes that "when watching Pickpocket, it is easy to ascribe many things onto the film — the possible Freudian and homosexual tendencies, the heavy Catholic guilt, and Bresson’s critiques of French society."

Bresson's direction has been recognized for its material sensuality. Pickpocket has been called an example of "parametric narration", in which the style "dominates the syuzhet [plot] or is seemingly equal in importance to it". The Harvard Film Archive notes that a "diffuse eroticism ... permeates the film, pointing towards the more overt sensuality of the later Bresson." Ebert likened Michel's encounter with the mentor pickpocket to cruising, saying that their confrontation in a men's bathroom is "no coincidence." He left it to the reader to decide why "Michel does not want to see his mother, but gives Jeanne money for her."

Gary Indiana notes that "stealing has a specific psychosexual meaning for [Michel], beyond fulfilling the simple need to eat. ... Michel steals because it is the only act that makes him feel alive in a world becoming dead." He opines that while Michel ends up with Jeanne at the end, the survival of their relationship is not a foregone conclusion, and "far more romantic than his dealings with Jeanne are Michel’s encounters with the thief played by the real-life pickpocket Kassagi."

However, Armond White cautions that an over-focus on gay subtext may distract from the primary thread of the film, which is a deeply Catholic moral parable. According to White, "Bresson never denies the sensuous, stealthy, erotic exchange of Michel's pickpocketing routines," but White insists that "these montages fragment intimacy" instead of delivering it. Slant's Ed Gonzalez concluded that Pickpocket's religious and sexual themes are in dialogue with each other, explaining that "Bresson so completely understood the full spectrum of our human condition that to ignore the sexual and spiritual elements that run concurrently through his films is to not get Bresson at all."

External links

• Pickpocket at IMDb
• Pickpocket: Robert Bresson: Hidden in Plain Sight an essay by Gary Indiana at the Criterion Collection