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Pedee people

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"Peedee" redirects here. For other uses, see Pee Dee (disambiguation).

The Pedee people, also Pee Dee and Peedee, were a historic Native American tribe of the Southeastern United States. Historically, their population has been concentrated in the Piedmont of present-day South Carolina. It is believed that in the 17th and 18th centuries, English colonists named the Pee Dee River and the Pee Dee region of South Carolina for the tribe. Today four state-recognized tribes,[4][5] one state-recognized group,[4] and several unrecognized groups claim descent from the historic Pedee people.[6][7][8] Presently none of these organizations are recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, with the Catawba Indian Nation being the only federally recognized tribe within South Carolina.[4]

Pedee, Pee Dee, or Peedee
Town Creek Mound, a precontact Pee Dee culture site in North Carolina
Total population
Estimated 600 in 1600[1]
Regions with significant populations
 USA
 South Carolina
Languages
Unknown
likely Siouan,[2] possibly Catawban[3]
Related ethnic groups
Catawba

Etymology

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The precise meaning of the name Pedee is unknown.[1] The name has many variations, having been alternatively spelled as Pee Dee, PeeDee, Peedee, Peedees, Peadea, and Pidee.[9][10] In early Spanish accounts the name is rendered, Vehidi.[3] There has been contention among historians regarding which orthography is the more proper rendering of the name.[10] Traditionally, there was speculation that an early trader, Patrick Daley, carved his initials, P.D., on trees along a trail within the vicinity of the modern Pee Dee River, leading to the region and river's present name, potentially being imposed also onto the indigenous tribe, however, some scholars and writers have disagreed with this theory.[10] In the early twentieth century, anthropologist Frank Speck suggested that the name might derive from the Catawban word pi'ri, meaning "something good," or pi'here, meaning "smart", "expert", or "capable".[1]

Precontact history

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Artists conception of Town Creek Indian Mound during the late Town Creek-early Leak phases circa 1350 CE.

The Pee Dee culture is an archaeological culture spanning 1000 to 1500 CE. It is divided into the Teal phase (1000–1200), Town Creek phase (1200–1400), and Leak phase (1400–1500).[11] The Pee Dee were part of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture[12] that developed in the region as early as 980 CE,[13] extending into present-day North Carolina and Tennessee. They participated in a widespread trade network that stretched from Georgia to South Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and the mountain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina.

The Pee Dee culture had developed as a distinct culture by 980 CE[13] and thrived in the Pee Dee River region of present-day North and South Carolina during the pre-Columbian era. As an example, the Town Creek Indian Mound site in western North Carolina was occupied from about 1150 to 1400 CE.[12]

Town Creek Indian Mound in Montgomery County, North Carolina is a proto-historic Pee Dee culture site.[14] Extensive archeological research for 50 years since 1937 at the Town Creek Indian Mound and village site in western North Carolina near the border with South Carolina has provided insights into their culture.[15] The mound and village site has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.

History

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Around 1550, the Pedee migrated from the lower Pee Dee River of the Atlantic Coastal Plain to the upper Pee Dee River of the Piedmont and remained there for about a century. They displaced local hill tribes, such as the Saponi, who resettled the region when the Pedee left.[16] Historian Charles M. Hudson believes their migration may have been an effort to avoid Spanish slave raids along South Carolina's coast. These 16th-century Pedee practiced head flattening, as did the neighboring Waxhaw.[17] In 1567, Spanish explorers encountered the village Vehidi on the Pee Dee River, believed to be a Pedee settlement.[18]

In 1600, the population of Pedee people was estimated to be 600.[19] Europeans, mostly from the British Isles, began settling in South Carolina in large numbers in the 17th and early 18th century. The English established a trading post at Euauenee or Saukey in 1716 to trade with the Pedee and Waccamaw. The Winyaw and Algonquian-speaking Cape Fear Indians migrated from the Atlantic Coast up the Pee Dee River to the trading post.[19][20]

In 1711, the Tuscarora War broke out in North Carolina,[21] and South Carolina tribes joined in the fighting. In 1712, Pedee warriors, along with the Saraw, Saxapahaw, Winyaw, and Cape Fear Indians, served in British Captain John Bull's company[20] to fight alongside the British against the Tuscarora and helped defeat them. As a result, most of the Tuscarora left the area and migrated north, reaching present-day New York and Ontario to join the related Haudenosaunee Confederacy of Iroquois tribes.[21]

In 1715, English mapmakers recorded a Pedee village on the west band of the Pee Dee River's central course.[22]

The political relationships formed between the Pedee and other tribes in the area at this time carried over into their alliances of the Yamasee War. The Yamasee War of 1715–1717 resulted in major changes among the Southeastern tribes. Historian William James Rivers wrote in 1885 that the Pedee along with many other tribes were "utterly extirpated."[23] However, some survivors may have found refuge with the Siouan-speaking Catawba, who were located near the South and North Carolina border.[23]

In 1737, the Pedee tribe petitioned South Carolina for a parcel of land to live upon. They, along with their Natchez cousins were moved to a 100-acre (0.40 km2) parcel provided by James Coachman in 1738.[citation needed] This land was in Berkeley County, along the Edisto River.[citation needed]

In the 1740s, the Pedee, along with the Sara, Yuchi, Natchez, and Cape Fear Indians, were known as "settlement Indians," by South Carolinian English settlers.[24] Anthropologists James Mooney and John R. Swanton both wrote that in 1744 the Natchez and Pedee attacked and killed several Catawba people,[19] so the Catawba drove them into European settlements. Mooney wrote of the Pedee that, "In 1746 they and the Sara are mentioned as two small tribes, which had been long incorporated with the Catawba. They were restless under the connection, however, and again Governor Glen had to interfere to prevent their separation."[22] Like neighboring tribes during this era, the Pedee owned African-American slaves.[22]

In 1751, at an intertribal conference in Albany, New York, the Pedee were recorded as being a small tribe living among European colonists.[25] In 1752, Catawba envoys encouraged the Pedee to settle with their tribe.[22] Governor John Glen spoke to Catawba leader King Haigler on May 29, 1755, and said South Carolina had "persuaded the Charraws, Waccamaws, and some of the Pedees to join you [the Catawba]." When Cherokee killed Pedee and Waccamaw people in 1755, they were still living in European settlements.[26] This 1755 mention was the second-to-last historical record of the Pedee people[27] until the 20th century.

Swanton wrote, "In 1808 White neighbors remembered when as many as 30 Pedee and Cape Fear Indians lived in their old territories,"[28] but "In 1808 the Pedee and Cape Fear tribes were represented by one half-breed woman."[19][29]

Language

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Pedee
(unattested)
Native toUnited States
RegionSouth Carolina
EthnicityPedee
Extinctby 19th century
unclassified (Siouan?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)

The Pedee language was extinct by the 19th century. No words from the language were recorded, but linguists suspect it may have been an Eastern Siouan language.[19] Late linguist Blair A. Rudes believed Pedee may have been a Catawban dialect.[3]

State-recognized entities

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The State of South Carolina has acknowledged four state-recognized tribes, and one state-recognized group, who identify as being Pedee descendants.[4] The state-recognized tribes are:

The one state-recognized group is:

References

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  1. ^ a b c Swanton, John R. (2007). The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington, D.C.: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 97. ISBN 9780806317304. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  2. ^ Swanton, John Reed (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780874740929.
  3. ^ a b c Rudes, Blair A.; Blumer, Thomas J.; May, J. Alan (2004). "Catawba and Neighboring Groups". Handbook of North American Indians. 14 Southeast: 317.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Federal and State Recognized Native American Entities". The South Caroline Commission for Minority Affairs. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b Gordon, Kay (6 January 1983). "The Santees". The Columbia Record. Vol. 86, no. 220. newspapers.com. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Native American Heritage Federal and State Recognized Tribes". SC Department of Archives & History. State of South Carolina. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  7. ^ "South Carolina's Recognized Native American Indian Entities". South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  8. ^ Pounds, Keith A. (12 June 2016). "Not a Tribal Community". T&D. The Times and Democrat. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  9. ^ Mooney, James (1894). The Siouan Tribes of the East. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 76–77. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Neuffer, Claude; Neuffer, Irene (2020). Correct Mispronunciations of South Carolina Names. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-64336-061-4. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ "The Woodland and Mississippian Periods in North Carolina". The Archaeology of North Carolina. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Laborities of Archaeology. 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  12. ^ a b Cunningham, Sarah L (3 May 2010). "Biological and Cultural Stress in a South Appalachian Mississippian Settlement: Town Creek Indian Mound, Mt. Gilead, NC" (PDF). North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  13. ^ a b "The Woodland and Mississippian Periods in North Carolina: Southern Piedmont Late Woodland". The Archaeology of North Carolina. Research Laboratories of Archaeology, UNC. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  14. ^ "Town Creek Indian Mound: The Pee Dee Culture". North Carolina Historic Sites. NC Department of Cultural Resources. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  15. ^ "Town Creek Indian Mound: An American Indian Legacy" Archived 2015-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, North Carolina Historic Sites, 2012, accessed 22 April 2014
  16. ^ Hudson (1970), 16–17, 26
  17. ^ Hudson (1970), 16–17
  18. ^ Rudes, Blumer, and May, 302
  19. ^ a b c d e Swanton 97
  20. ^ a b Rudes, Blumer, and May 310
  21. ^ a b Rudes, Blumer, and May 308
  22. ^ a b c d Mooney 77
  23. ^ a b Hudson (1970), 42
  24. ^ Hudson (1970), 47
  25. ^ Hudson (1970), 47-48
  26. ^ Swanton 101
  27. ^ Rides, Blumer, and May 311
  28. ^ Swanton 75
  29. ^ a b c Kevin Smetana, "Pee Dee Indian nation might get federal recognition", SC Now Morning News, 21 June 2008 (accessed 12 August 2016).
  30. ^ Holleman, Joey (28 January 2006). "Three S.C. Indian tribes win recognition". The State (Columbia, South Carolina). Vol. 115, no. 38. Newspapers.com. Retrieved 6 January 2023.

Further reading

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