A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct.[1] Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatric speciation) are examples of paraspecies.[2]
Paraspecies are expected from evolutionary theory (Crisp and Chandler, 1996), and are empirical realities in many terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Examples
edit- A well-documented example of a living mammal species that gave rise to another living species is the evolution of the polar bear from the brown bear.[13][14]
- An example of a living reptile paraspecies is New Zealand's North Island tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, which gave rise to the Brothers Island tuatara Sphenodon guntheri.[15] An example of a living bird paraspecies is Empidonax occidentalis, the Cordilleran flycatcher.[16][17]
- An example of a living plant paraspecies is Pouteria cuspidata, the pouteria trees or eggfruits.[18]
See also
edit
- Cladogenesis
- Anagenesis, also known as "phyletic change", where no branching event occurred (or is known to have occurred)
Notes and references
edit- ^ James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (8 March 2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780520268685. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 425 pp.
- ^ Patton, J. L., and M. F. Smith. 1989. Population structure and the genetic and morphologic divergence among pocket gopher species (Genus Thomomys). Pp. 284-304 in: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
- ^ Bell, M. A., and S. A. Foster. 1994. The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- ^ Crisp, M. D.; Chandler, G. T. (1996). "Paraphyletic species". Telopea. 6 (4): 813–844. doi:10.7751/telopea19963037.
- ^ Funk, D. J.; Omland, K. E. (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 34: 397–423. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421.
- ^ Albert, J. S.; Crampton, W. G. R.; Thorsen, D. H.; Lovejoy, N. R. (April 2005). "Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotidae)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 2 (4): 375–417. Bibcode:2005SyBio...2..375A. doi:10.1017/s1477200004001574. S2CID 86550943.
- ^ "Publications".
- ^ Turner, T. F.; McPhee, M. V.; Campbell, P.; Winemiller, K. O. (2004). "Phylogeography and intraspecific genetic variation of prochilodontid fishes endemic to rivers of northern South America". Journal of Fish Biology. 64 (1): 186–201. Bibcode:2004JFBio..64..186T. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00299.x.
- ^ Hoskin, C. J. (2007). "Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 91 (4): 549–563. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00805.x.
- ^ Feinstein, J (2008). "Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Black-browed Barbet species complex (Megalaima oorti)". Ibis. 150: 40–49. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00732.x.
- ^ Lozier, J. D.; Foottit, R.; Miller, G.; Mills, N.; Roderick, G. (2008). "Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species". Zootaxa. 1688: 1–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1688.1.1.
- ^ "Polar bears related to extinct Irish bears, DNA study shows". Wikinews. 9 July 2011.
- ^ Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Suchard, Marc A.; Lemey, Philippe; Welch, John J.; Barnes, Ian; Fulton, Tara L.; Barnett, Ross; O'Connell, Tamsin C.; Coxon, Peter; Monaghan, Nigel; Valdiosera, Cristina E.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Willerslev, Eske; Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Rambaut, Andrew; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Shapiro, Beth (August 2011). "Ancient Hybridization and an Irish Origin for the Modern Polar Bear Matriline". Current Biology. 21 (15): 1251–1258. Bibcode:2011CBio...21.1251E. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058. PMC 4677796. PMID 21737280.
- ^ Lutz, Dick (2005). Tuatara: A Living Fossil. Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS. ISBN 978-0-931625-43-5.
- ^ Linck, Ethan; Epperly, Kevin; Els, Paul van; Spellman, Garth M.; Bryson, Robert W.; McCormack, John E.; Canales-del-Castillo, Ricardo; Klicka, John (10 December 2018). "Dense geographic and genomic sampling reveals paraphyly and a cryptic lineage in a classic sibling species complex" (PDF). bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/491688. S2CID 92126241.
- ^ Linck, Ethan; Epperly, Kevin; Van Els, Paul; Spellman, Garth M; Bryson, Robert W; McCormack, John E; Canales-Del-Castillo, Ricardo; Klicka, John (23 April 2019). "Dense Geographic and Genomic Sampling Reveals Paraphyly and a Cryptic Lineage in a Classic Sibling Species Complex" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 68 (6): 956–966. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz027. PMID 31135028.
- ^ Serrano, Julieth; Richardson, James E.; Milne, Richard I.; Mondragon, G. Ariadna; Hawkins, Julie A.; Bartish, Igor V.; Gonzalez, Mailyn; Chave, Jérôme; Madriñán, Santiago; Cárdenas, Dairon; Sanchez, S. Dayana; Cortés-B, Rocio; Pennington, R. Toby (June 2021). "Andean orogeny and the diversification of lowland neotropical rain forest trees: A case study in Sapotaceae" (PDF). Global and Planetary Change. 201: 103481. Bibcode:2021GPC...20103481S. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103481. S2CID 233569024.