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Nahum

This article is about Nahum, a biblical prophet. For other uses, see Nahum (disambiguation).

Nahum (/ˈneɪ.əm/ or /ˈneɪhəm/; Hebrew: נַחוּם Naḥūm) was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the Tanakh, also called the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament. His book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible.[1] He wrote about the end of the Assyrian Empire, and its capital city, Nineveh, in a vivid poetic style.[2]

Russian Orthodox icon of the Prophet Nahum, 18th century (Iconostasis of Transfiguration Church, Kizhi Monastery, Karelia, Russia).

Life

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Little is known about Nahum's personal history. His name means "comfort",[3] and is derived from the same root as the Hebrew verb meaning "to comfort".[4] He came from the town of Alqosh (Nahum 1:1), which scholars have attempted to identify with several cities, including the modern Alqosh in northern Iraq and Capernaum of northern Galilee.[5] He was a very nationalistic Hebrew, however, and lived amongst the Elkoshites in peace. Nahum, called "the Elkoshite", is the seventh in order of the minor prophets.

Works

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Nahum (watercolor circa 1888 by James Tissot)
Main article: Book of Nahum

Nahum's writings could be taken as prophecy or as history. One account suggests that his writings are a prophecy written in about 615 BCE, just before the downfall of Assyria, while another account suggests that he wrote this passage as liturgy just after its downfall in 612 BCE.[6][7]

The book was introduced in Reformation theologian Calvin's Commentary[8] as a complete and finished poem:

No one of the minor Prophets seems to equal the sublimity, the vehemence and the boldness of Nahum: besides, his Prophecy is a complete and finished poem; his exordium is magnificent, and indeed majestic; the preparation for the destruction of Nineveh, and the description of its ruin, and its greatness, are expressed in most vivid colors, and possess admirable perspicuity and fulness.

— Rev. John Owen, translator, Calvin's Commentary on Jonah, Micah, Nahum

There are indications that an acrostic underlies the present text. Thus 1:2 begins with the first letter of the alphabet (א), verse 3b (‘in whirlwind’) with the second letter (ב), verse 4 with the third (ג), and so on until from ten to sixteen of the twenty two letters have appeared. In places the scheme breaks down: in the process of transmission, what was once an alphabetic poem has now been seriously corrupted, rearranged, and supplemented.[9]

Nahum, taking words from Moses himself, has shown in a general way what sort of "Being God is". Calvin argued that Nahum painted God by which his nature must be seen, and "it is from that most memorable vision, when God appeared to Moses after the breaking of the tablets."[10]

Although all three chapters fall below the standards set by the developed Judaeo-Christian tradition concerning the nature of God and man’s relation with his brother man… it is one of the world’s classic rebukes of militarism…. All tyrants are doomed. They make enemies of those whom they attack and oppress; they become corrupt, dissolute, drunken, effeminate; they are lulled into false security…

— Charles L. Taylor, Jr.[9]

Tomb

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Tomb of Nahum
נַחוּם‬
 
Tomb of Nahum
 
 
Shown within Iraq
LocationTown of Alqosh, Northern Iraq, 50km north of Mosul
Coordinates36°44′18.87″N 43°05′45″E / 36.7385750°N 43.09583°E / 36.7385750; 43.09583
TypeShrine to the biblical prophet Nahum
History
CulturesAssyrian, Jewish
Site notes
Excavation datesNone
ConditionPartial Collapse, Stabilized in 2018
Public accessyes

The tomb of Nahum is supposedly inside the synagogue at Alqosh, although there are other places outside Iraq which also lay claim to being the original "Elkosh" from which Nahum hailed. Alqosh was emptied of its Jewish population in 1948 when they were expelled after Israel was recognized as a Jewish nation, and the synagogue that houses the tomb is now in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. The tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. When all Jews were forced to flee Alqosh in 1948, the iron keys to the tomb were handed to an Assyrian man, Sami Jajouhana.[11] Few Jews visit the historic site, yet Jajouhana continues to keep the promise he made with his Jewish friends, and looks after the tomb.[12]

As of early 2017, the tomb was in significant disrepair and was threatened by the rise of ISIS in Iraq.[13] A team of engineers conducted a survey of the tomb and determined that the tomb was in danger of imminent collapse and might not survive another winter.[14] A team led by the U.S.-based non-profit Alliance for the Restoration of Cultural Heritage ("ARCH") raised the funds necessary to stabilize the site.[14] After raising the necessary funds, ARCH partnered with the Prague-based GEMA ART International s.r.o., experts in historic preservation and reconstruction to do the immediate stabilization work.[14] Following coordination with local partners, the initial stabilization work was completed in January 2018.[15] The stabilization work is expected to prevent further deterioration of the structure for between two and three years.[15] With the tomb and its surrounding structure stabilized, ARCH is planning on raising the funding necessary to fully restore the site.[15] On 26 April 2019, the United States government announced that it would contribute $500,000 to restore the tomb.[16]

Two other possible burial sites mentioned in historical accounts are Elkesi, near Rameh in the Galilee and Elcesei in the West Bank.[17]

Liturgical commemoration

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The prophet Nahum is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity. On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is December 1[18][19][20] (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, December 1 currently falls on December 14 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is commemorated with the other minor prophets in the calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31.

References

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  1. ^ "The Chronology of Biblical Prophets", Adapted from Hauer, C.E. & Young, W. A., An Introduction to the Bible: A Journey into Three Worlds, p.123, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994
  2. ^ Introduction to Nahum at the International Bible Society website
  3. ^ Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Footnote a at Nahum 1:1 in the New American Bible Revised Edition, accessed on 14 September 2024
  4. ^ Cook, G., Nahum's Prophetic Name, Tyndale Bulletin, 67.1 (2016) 37-40, accessed on 14 September 2024
  5. ^ Nahum at The Catholic Encyclopedia
  6. ^ Heaton, E. W., A Short Introduction To The Old Testament Prophets, p. 35, Oneworld Publications, P.O. Box 830, 21 Broadway, Rockport, NA 01966, ISBN 1-85168-114-0
  7. ^ "Nahum". Aboutbibleprophecy.com.
  8. ^ "Commentaries on Twelve Minor Prophets". Archived from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  9. ^ a b Taylor, C. L.-I. (1956). The Interpreters' Bible (first ed., Vol. VI Lamentations through Malachi, p. 954). (S. T. George Arthur Buttrick, Ed.) Nashville: Abingdon Press.
  10. ^ Calvin; Commentary on Jonah, Micah, Nahum Archived 2012-11-30 at archive.today
  11. ^ "Jewish Shrine Defies ISIS on War's Edge". Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  12. ^ "An Alqosh Man Struggles to Keep a Promise to an Old Friend". chaldean.org.
  13. ^ Schwartzstein, Peter (19 February 2015). "Surrounded by Conflict, an Ancient Synagogue Crumbles in Iraq". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  14. ^ a b c "Progress made on saving Prophet Nahum's tomb in Iraq". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  15. ^ a b c Neurink, Judit (2018-03-21). "Hebrew prophet's tomb in Iraq saved from collapse". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  16. ^ staff, T. O. I. "US to donate $500K to restore tomb of biblical prophet Nahum in Iraq". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
  17. ^ Renovation - Al Qush Synagogue and the Tomb of Nahum Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ Great Synaxaristes: (in Greek) Ὁ Προφήτης Ναούμ Archived 2017-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. 1 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
  19. ^ Prophet Nahum. OCA - Feasts and Saints.
  20. ^ December 1 Archived 2012-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. The Roman Martyrology
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