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Mungindi /ˈmʌŋɪndaɪ/[4] is a town and locality on the border of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, Australia. The town is within Moree Plains Shire in New South Wales. Within Queensland, the locality is split between the Shire of Balonne (the western part) and the Goondiwindi Region (eastern part) with the town in the Shire of Balonne.[5][6] It possesses a New South Wales postcode.[3] Mungindi sits on the Carnarvon Highway and straddles the Barwon River which is the border between New South Wales and Queensland. In the 2021 census, the locality of Mungindi had a population of 487 people in New South Wales and 124 people in Queensland, a total of 611 people.[1][2]
| Mungindi New South Wales | |||||||||||||||
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 Main street | |||||||||||||||
  Mungindi Location in New South Wales | |||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 28°58′37″S 148°59′22″E / 28.97694°S 148.98944°E | ||||||||||||||
| Population | 611 (2021 census)[1][2] | ||||||||||||||
| Postcode(s) | 2406[3] | ||||||||||||||
| Location | |||||||||||||||
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| County | |||||||||||||||
| State electorate(s) |
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Geography
editMungindi means water hole in the river in Kamilaroi.[7] Located on both sides of the New South Wales and Queensland border,[8] Mungindi is the only border town in the Southern Hemisphere with the same name on both sides of the border. The state border runs down the centre of the Barwon River and under the centre of the Mungindi Bridge,[8] but there is no exact marker on the bridge to indicate the point.
Nearby towns are Moree in New South Wales and St George in Queensland. Nearby villages are, in New South Wales, Weemelah, Garah, Ashley and Boomi, and in Queensland, the towns of Thallon, Dirranbandi and Hebel.[8] Mungindi Aerodrome is on the New South Wales side.[9][10]
A section of the Carnarvon Highway via Mungindi makes up part of the shortest route from Sydney to Darwin. [citation needed]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Mungindi Post Office (1991–2020 normal, extremes 1965–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 48.2 (118.8) |
47.8 (118.0) |
42.9 (109.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
37.8 (100.0) |
39.9 (103.8) |
42.1 (107.8) |
45.8 (114.4) |
47.0 (116.6) |
48.2 (118.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.2 (97.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
28.8 (83.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
6.3 (43.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.0 (48.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.2 (2.72) |
63.0 (2.48) |
44.6 (1.76) |
17.1 (0.67) |
29.6 (1.17) |
31.1 (1.22) |
28.1 (1.11) |
20.6 (0.81) |
25.8 (1.02) |
38.1 (1.50) |
61.5 (2.42) |
58.9 (2.32) |
487.8 (19.20) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 46.4 |
| Source 1: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology[12] | |||||||||||||
History
editMungindi and the surrounding areas were originally inhabited by Aborigines of the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) tribe. Their tribal grounds extended from the Barwon River to south of the Namoi River near Gunnedah.[13] Gamilaraay (Gamilaroi, Kamilaroi, Comilroy) is a language from South-West Queensland and North-West New South Wales. The Gamilaraay language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Balonne Shire Council, including the towns of Dirranbandi, Thallon, Talwood and Bungunya as well as the border towns of Mungindi and Boomi extending to Moree, Tamworth and Coonabarabran in NSW.[14]
Yuwaalaraay (also known as Yuwalyai, Euahlayi, Yuwaaliyaay, Gamilaraay, Kamilaroi, Yuwaaliyaayi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Yuwaalaraay country. The Yuwaalaraay language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Shire of Balonne, including the town of Dirranbandi as well as the border town of Hebel extending to Walgett and Collarenebri in New South Wales.[15]
Major Thomas Mitchell passed through Mungindi on his exploration of the interior in search of new areas suitable for agricultural development during the 1830s.[16]
By the 1850s, with stock moving on both sides of the Barwon River, the ford at Mungindi just upstream from the present bridge became the principal crossing. Reliable waterholes and shaded flats on the riverbanks provided early drovers with a pleasant camp in the area, which the Gamilaroi Aboriginal People had held since antiquity as an important meeting place. Regular use of the track is indicated by the fact that two, 40-chain (800 m) stock routes were proclaimed by 1868, both to Mungindi, one from St George and one from Whyenbah via Dareel.[17]
The movement of drovers and the coming of settlers soon attracted others to provide them with goods and services. The first known of these services was a hotel, or inn. Built in 1863 by Alexander Grant Walker, it was located on the south bank of the river. Alexander was certainly moved by the pioneering spirit. After coming to New South Wales from Scotland at the age of twenty-one, he married at Murrurundi and brought his bride to Moree where they were among the first to purchase land in the town area. They built a hotel in Frome Street but within twelve months transferred the licence to Alexander's Mungindi Inn, also known as Walker's Hotel and in later years, The Green Hut. He built himself a cottage and also stables for the use of hotel patrons. These buildings were along the bank of the Barwon between present day North-Western Motors and Quinn's Motors, near the crossing which was then east of Garden Island. It was then that Alexander applied for 40 acres (16 ha) along the river.[citation needed]
Queensland became a separate colony in 1859 and by 1862 the Queensland Government was operating a packhorse mail service between Surat and Yarawa. A private mail service had for some years run from Yarawa to Moree. This was later extended to Mungindi town. By 1865, the volume of mail prompted the Postmaster-General of Queensland to send an inspector who recommended Alexander Walker's appointment as postmaster.[citation needed]
A year or so later it seems the new postmaster had begun to experience the frustrations common to border-town officials. As Mungindi, Queensland's postmaster he was not empowered to deal with letters bearing NSW stamps so he applied for, and was appointed to the position of postmaster of Mungindi, NSW in 1867. The following year there were 43 subscribers listed in the Post Office Directory for Mungindi, Qld. Very few of these were family men but the numbers explain the need for the store, which Alexander was operating at that time.[citation needed]
In 1876, an agency of the Government Savings Bank of NSW opened through his Post Office in NSW. When work began in the same year on the first bridge over the Barwon River, Alexander realised the advantage of having his store located near the new crossing. His shop, built that year, was close to the site of the present Old Police Station and at the time, near the Customs House, which operated until Federation in 1900 ended trading between colonies/ states.[citation needed]
Alexander Walker, who might be called the 'Founder of Mungindi', died suddenly in 1878. His wife and family continued to run the Post Office, store and hotel. Apparently Mrs Walker became well known as the 'Queen of Mungindi'. Stories say that it was common to see over 100 horses tied up outside the hotel. If a 'blue' started she would let down the slip rails and take to the horses with a broom. By the time the horses were rounded up the reason for the fight would have been forgotten and everyone was happy again. Presumably Mrs. Walker was no longer compelled to keep law and order in this unique way after the first NSW constable was stationed in 1882.[citation needed]
During the 1880s movement in the area had led to the development of regular stagecoach services and communications further improved with the opening of a telegraphic office in 1881. It would seem that families quickly followed the young men who found work opening up the area for the township on the Queensland side was surveyed probably in 1885 and the blocks offered for sale. An area was reserved for a cemetery, behind the present hospital, but as far as is known, only two people were buried there.[citation needed]
A survey to designate camping and watering reserves had been carried out on the NSW side in 1877 and the reserves 'gazetted' in 1884. However, on 27 February 1886 those reserves were revoked, as on that day[citation needed]
"His Excellency the Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council … directed it to be notified … that portions of Crown Lands are declared to be set apart as sites for the village of Mungindi and of suburban lands attached thereto."
The surveys of allotments were made after this proclamation and on 24 January 1888 in Moree, the first Mungindi town blocks were offered at auction sales they sold for amounts varying from £11 10s to £46. Those earliest sales were for blocks between North, Kunopia, Wirrah and Yarouah Streets. In 1890, to satisfy a change in parliamentary acts Mungindi was again proclaimed a village.[citation needed]
The township of Mungindi developed rapidly after that proclamation. Though 1890 brought a devastating flood which forced many families into difficulties and may have been responsible for the widespread of prickly pear which caused further hardship, many new names appear in Mungindi as selectors took up small blocks offered from land resumed after changes to land tenure in 1884 and as more tradesmen and businessmen took up residence in the town.[citation needed]
In 1891 the citizens of Mungindi, Queensland, petitioned their government for a policeman.[citation needed]
By 1894, when the NSW school was twelve months old and had become a full public school with an average minimum attendance of 30, the Queensland Government opened Mungindi Provisional School opened with an enrolment of 22 students. On 1 January 1909, the Queensland school became Mungindi State School. The Queensland school closed in 1968.[18] The Queensland school was at 92-100 Barwon Street (28°58′20″S 148°59′15″E / 28.9722°S 148.9874°E).[19]
At the start of the 1900s, Mungindi had its own newspaper, a hospital, a doctor, a solicitor, two schools, two post offices, a brewery, at least four hotels, two police stations (one in each state), with three men stationed at each, two race clubs, a P.& A. Society, two butchers, two hairdressers, two dressmakers and milliners, a shoemaker, a saddler, a baker, a tailor, a saw mill, a pawnbroker, a teacher of pianoforte, violin and oil painting, about four contract carpenters, a housepainter and decorator, a bricklayer and a tinsmith. Its approximately 250 residents enjoyed many shared entertainments. Balls and dances, fairs and shows, concerts and travelling tent shows, and fortnightly meetings of the Literary and Debating Society. In the 'Sportsman’s Paradise',fishing, bicycling, horse racing, cricket, billiards and tennis were keenly pursued.[citation needed]
Mungindi marks the northernmost point of the Mungindi (or North West) railway line and lies 798 kilometres (496 mi) from Sydney.[20] The line opened on 7 December 1914 and was closed between Weemelah and Mungindi on 5 January 1974 when services were withdrawn following flooding.[21] The former railway station is now used as a private residence.
On 28 January 1919, the Queensland Government placed restrictions on the border crossing at Mungindi to prevent the spread of the Spanish flu into Queensland, which were enforced by the Queensland Police. A medical screening process was used to determine if Queensland residents could safely return to the state.[22]
St Brigid's Catholic School opened on n 24 January 1924, operated by four Sisters of Mercy who came from the Gunnedah. A new school was built in 1930 and the name was changed to St. Joseph’s. The Sisters of Mercy withdrew from the school in 1975, but operated the boarding school until 1980. The Little Company of Mary then operated the boarding school from 1981 to 1983. In 1984, the Sisters of St Joseph’s took over the operations of the school.[23]
During 2020 and 2021, the Queensland borders were closed to most people due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Border crossing points were either closed or had a Queensland Police checkpoint to allow entry to only those people with an appropriate permit. The Carnarvon Highway at Mungindi had a police checkpoint.[24]
On 1 September 2020, a fire destroyed many shops on St George St including the grocery store and butcher.[25]
Demographics
editIn the 2016 census, the locality of Mungindi had a population of 601 people in New South Wales and 146 people in Queensland, a total of 747 people.[26][27]
In the 2021 census, the locality of Mungindi had a population of 487 people in New South Wales and 124 people in Queensland, a total of 611 people.[1][2]
Heritage listings
editMungindi has the following heritage-listed sites:
- Cameron's 1 Ton Survey Post, at the Barwon River, Queensland[28]
Education
editMungindi Central School is a primary and secondary school for boys and girls providing Pre-school to Year 12 education at 59-67 Wirrah Street in New South Wales (28°58′48″S 148°59′27″E / 28.9799°S 148.9908°E). Enrolment is open to children living in the local area including children living in Queensland.[29][30]
St Joseph's Primary School is a Catholic primary school for boys and girls at 72-74 Bucknell Street (28°58′46″S 148°59′16″E / 28.9795°S 148.9879°E).[31][32]
Amenities
editThere is currently a supermarket, hairdresser, real-estate agent, pharmacy, clothing store, butchery, bakery, hardware and agricultural store on Mungindi's main street: St George Street. There is a petrol station at the end of St George Street on the NSW approach into town from Moree. There is a hospital, a library and a range of sporting activities.[citation needed]
The newly refurbished Two Mile Hotel which was rebuilt following a fire is a two-mile drive out of town on the Queensland side heading towards St George.[citation needed]
Mungindi has two times zones during daylight-saving-time. The town has a pre-school in Queensland and the other educational facilities are in NSW. The hospital is on the northern side of the river and the two hotels are on each side of the river. The district is now a hub for regional cotton, beef cattle, and wheat industries.[16]
Attractions
editThe One Ton Post was erected by surveyor John Brewer Cameron in 1881 to celebrate the completion of two long and hard years of surveys. The Post is situated 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of the town where the border fence leaves the river and goes 700 kilometres (430 mi) due west on the 29th parallel south to the South Australian border.[16]
Many items of interest are on display at the local History Park on the outskirts of Mungindi. The Neeworra Historical Site, situated approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south east from town on the Carnarvon Highway is the site of the Neeworra Wine Shanty.[citation needed]
In popular culture
editThe author Scott Monk featured Mungindi in his novel Raw, which features a character called Brett who was sent to an institution farm.[33]
Transport
edit| Preceding station | Former services | Following station | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terminus | Mungindi Line | Neeworra towards Werris Creek
| ||
References
edit- ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Mungindi (NSW) (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Mungindi (QLD) (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Mungindi Postcode". Australia Post. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Mungindi". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ "Mungindi – locality in Shire of Balonne (entry 42682)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Mungindi – locality in Goondiwindi Region (entry 47822)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Mungindi". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Layers: Locality; Populated place; Road and rail; State controlled bridge; Watercourse; NSW administrative boundaries". Queensland Globe. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
- ^ "Moree Plains Shire Council - Airport". Moree Plains Shire Council. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ "Airport". Moree Plains Shire Council. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ "Mungindi Post Office Climate Normals for 1991-2020" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
- ^ A History of Mungindi. Mungindi: Mungindi & District Historical Society. 1988. p. 1. ISBN 0-7316-2327-4.
- ^ "Indigenous Language map of Queensland". State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^
This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4.0 licensed text from: "Yuwaalaraay". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
- ^ a b c Dunn, John (August–September 2011). "A Tale of Two States". Outback (78): 136–137. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Viewed 20 August 2011.
- ^ "Our history". Mungindi - The unique border town. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
- ^ "Parish of Collyben" (Map). Queensland Government. 1967. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ Mungindi Railway Station Archived 31 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. NSWrail.net. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- ^ Milne, Rod (May 1995). "A History of the Mungindi Branch Line". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin: 115–136.
- ^ "FROM the VAULT - Queensland Border Policing During 1919 Influenza Outbreak". Queensland Police Museum. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ "About Us – St Joseph's Primary School". Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Crossing Qld-NSW border? Here's everything you need to know". ABC News. 25 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "'Everyone is just gutted': Fire rips through NSW border town's only supermarket". ABC News. 1 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Mungindi (NSW) (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Mungindi (Qld) (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Cameron's 1 Ton Survey Post (entry 600014)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
- ^ "Mungindi Central School". Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "Find and select a primary school". NSW Government. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "St Joseph's Primary School – Mungindi". Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ "St Joseph's Primary School". Google Street View. March 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ "Raw by Scott Monk". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
Further reading
edit- Montgomery, Bette (1988), A History of Mungindi to 1988, Mungindi and District Historical Society Book Committee, ISBN 978-0-7316-2327-3
External links
edit
- "Mungindi". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.
- Town map of Mungindi in Queensland, 1977
Mungindi travel guide from Wikivoyage