Mennonites in Paraguay are either Plautdietsch-speakers of mostly Flemish, Frisian and Prussian ancestry or, like the majority of Paraguayans, of mixed (southern European/Amerindian) or Amerindian ancestry. Ethnic Mennonites contribute heavily to the agricultural and dairy output of Paraguay.
 Mennonite children in San Juan Bautista | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 38,731 (2022)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Boquerón Department (Menno Colony, Neuland Colony, Filadelfia, etc.) | |
| Religions | |
| Anabaptist | |
| Scriptures | |
| Bible | |
| Languages | |
| Plautdietsch, Standard German, Spanish, English |
History
editIn the 1780s, Catherine the Great of Russia invited Mennonites from Prussia to settle north of the Black Sea in exchange for religious freedom and exemption from military service, a precondition founded in their commitment to non-violence. After Russia introduced the general conscription in 1874, many Mennonites migrated to the US and Canada. The members of the Menno Colony moved to Paraguay from Canada when universal, secular compulsory education was implemented in 1917 that required the use of the English language. More conservative Mennonites saw this as a threat to the religious basis of their community. In 1927, 1743 pioneers came from Canada to Paraguay and turned the arid Chaco into fertile farmland over the years. It was the first Mennonite colony in the region.
In the beginning, the pioneers in the Chaco had to overcome many adversities. Many became sick due to the lack of medical care, of whom 121 died and some 60 families returned to Canada.
In 1930, another wave of Russian Mennonite immigrants arrived in the Chaco area from Russia (mostly via a temporary stop in Germany) and founded the Fernheim Colony. They were fleeing the persecution by the Communists and a bad economic situation that was caused by the collectivization in the Soviet Union and eventually led to the Holodomor. More Russian Mennonites fled to the west with the receding German Army at the end of WW2 fearing persecution, Russian forced labor camps and deportation. Some 3,500 of these Mennonites arrived in Paraguay and founded Neuland and Volendam colonies in 1947.[2]
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The appearance of the first houses built by the Mennonites. -
Colony of Filadelfia, 1949. -
Mennonite school children In Paraguay, 1949. -
Girls from Fernheim Colony, 1987.
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Origin and languages
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The vast majority of Mennonites in Paraguay, spread out over nineteen colonies across Paraguay, are of the Russian Mennonite variety, meaning they are originally of Dutch ancestry and can trace their history to the Mennonite settlement in the Vistula Delta, from where they migrated to the Russian Empire and later to the Americas. The percentage of the Mennonites of Paraguay who came directly from Russia is 25 percent. 51 percent came from Russia via Canada, where they lived for several decades and a further 22% from Russia via Canada via Mexico (some from Mexico via Belize).
Smaller groups of Swiss German or Old Order Amish also exist in Paraguay, making up about two percent, and are descendants of Amish immigrants from the United States, who came originally from Switzerland and Southern Germany.[3]
The Russian Mennonite majority share a common ancestry, Plautdietsch language, and many other traditions, which are quite distinct from the small group of Amish Mennonite in Paraguay, who speak Pennsylvania German along with English.
Demography
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1927 | 1,743 | — |
| 1940 | 4,354 | 149.8% |
| 1950 | 12,001 | 175.6% |
| 1956 | 13,040 | 8.7% |
| 1987 | 22,710 | 74.2% |
| 2000 | 29,045 | 27.9% |
| 2008 | 30,000 | 3.3% |
| 2022 | 38,731 | 29.1% |
| Sources: [4][5][6][7][1] | ||
There were 22,710 ethnic Mennonites living in Paraguay in 1987[4] and 29,045 in 2000.[5] Plautdietsch speakers were estimated 40,000 in 2007 according to Ethnologue.[6][8]
Major colonies
editA 2020 survey found that there are more than 200 Mennonite colonies in nine Latin American countries, with 25 in Paraguay.[9]
Mennonite colonies are located in two quite different parts of Paraguay with quite different clime and natural resources: in the hot and dry Gran Chaco region (West), and the milder and more humid in Eastern Paraguay.[10] When giving the numbers of Mennonites sometimes only adult baptized members are counted but here all souls that is both baptized members and baptized young people and children who live in the colonies are included.
| Name | Location | Founded | Origin | Souls 1987 | Souls 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menno | West | 1927 | Canada | 6,650 | 10,700 |
| Fernheim | West | 1930 | USSR/Canada | 3,240 | 4,984 |
| Friesland | East | 1937 | USSR/Canada | 720 | 672 |
| Neuland | West | 1947 | USSR/Canada | 1,330 | 2,347 |
| Volendam | East | 1947 | USSR/Canada | 690 | 710 |
| Asuncion | East | 1947 | Diverse | 750 | 1,550 |
| Bergthal | East | 1948 | Canada | 1,490 | 3,823 |
| Sommerfeld | East | 1948 | Canada | 1,860 | 4,963 |
| Reinfeld | East | 1966 | Canada | 120 | 365 |
| Luz y Esperanza* | East | 1967 | USA | 110 | 158 |
| Agua Azul* | East | 1969 | USA | 170 | ca. 60 |
| Rio Verde | East | 1969 | Mexico | 2,490 | 3,600 |
| Tres Palmas | East | 1970 | Canada/USSR | 220 | 186 |
| Santa Clara | East | 1972 | Mexico | 130 | 302 |
| Río Corrientes* | East | 1975 | USA | 167 | Ended ca. 1995 |
| Florida* | East | 1976 | USA | 100 | 116 |
| Nueva Durango | East | 1978 | Mexico | 2,050 | 2,410 |
| Campo Alto* | East | 1980 | Belize | 55 | Ended ca. 1995 |
| La Montaña* | East | 1982 | USA | 70 | 325 |
| Manitoba | East | 1983 | Mexico | 290 | 1,269 |
| Madelón | West | 2013 | Durango, PY | 0 | 373 |
| Monte Claro | West | 2017 | Rio Verde, PY | 0 | 373 |
| Paraguay | 22,710 | 38,731 |
[1][11][12] * Colonies of English-speaking Mennonites of South German origin and Spanish-speaking Mennonites of divers origin like Beachy Amish and Conservative Mennonites[13][14][15]
Mennonites of the Central Chaco
editThe Central Chaco region probably has the highest concentration of ethnic Mennonites anywhere in Latin America. German speaking people (almost all of them Mennonites) formed 32% of the total population of the Central Chaco as of 2005. Only Paraguayan Indians (52%) were more numerous compared to them. Latin Paraguayans, the majority ethnic group in Paraguay, constituted just 11% and Braziguayans and Argentines another 5%.[16][17]
Mennonites have received some criticism from human rights organizations for their relations with a number of indigenous tribes, including the Ayoreo people in Paraguay.[18]
See also
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- Immigration to Paraguay
- Religion in Paraguay
- Mennonites in Bolivia – Religious denomination in South America
- Mennonites in Uruguay
Bibliography
edit- Gerhard Ratzlaff et al.: Lexikon der Mennoniten in Paraguay. Asunción 2009.
- Peter Klassen: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay : Reich Gottes und Reich dieser Welt. Bolanden 1988.
- Hendrik Hack: Die Kolonisation der Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco. Den Haag 1961.
References
edit- ^ a b c Neue Zahlen: In Paraguay leben 38.731 Mennoniten at menno-welt.net.
- ^ "Paraguay". Gameo.org. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b Redekop, Calvin Wall; Krahn, Victor A.; Steiner, Samuel J. (1994). Anabaptist/Mennonite Faith and Economics - Google Books. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819193506. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ a b Rendi D. Klassen. ""Statistik der Mennonitenkolonien in Paraguay" in Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay 2000". Menonitica.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Plautdietsch". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Paraguay at GAMEO.org
- ^ "Paraguay". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Le Polain de Waroux, Yann; Neumann, Janice; O'Driscoll, Anna; Schreiber, Kerstin (2020). Journal of Land Use Science. Vol. 16. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–17. doi:10.1080/1747423X.2020.1855266. S2CID 230589810.
- ^ Redekop, Calvin Wall; Krahn, Victor A.; Steiner, Samuel J. (1994). Anabaptist/Mennonite Faith and Economics - Google Books. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819193506. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ Calvin Redekop: Paraguayan Utopia and Reality: The Case of the Indígenas in Mennonite Life – summer 2010, vol. 64 at Bethel College.
- ^ Some dates are from the GAMEO articles of the respective colonies.
- ^ Luz y Esperanza Colony (Paraguay) at GAMEO.org.
- ^ Campo Alto Colony (Canindeyú Department, Paraguay) at GAMEO.org.
- ^ Florida Colony (Florida, Paraguay) at GAMEO.org.
- ^ "ASCIM - Data". Ascim.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ [2] Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Vidal in Filadelfia (5 October 2010). "Chaco deforestation by Christian sect puts Paraguayan land under threat | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2014.