Meng Huo (fl. 210s–220s) was a local leader in the Nanzhong region in the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was popularly depicted as a local leader representing the gentries of the Nanzhong region, but some historians doubt his historical existence.[citation needed]
Meng Huo | |
|---|---|
| 孟获 | |
 A Qing dynasty illustration of Meng Huo | |
| Assistant to the Imperial Counsellor (御史中丞) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | Unknown |
Meng Huo's popular image comes from the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. The novel portrays Meng Huo as a southern barbarian tribal leader. He also marries the fictional Lady Zhurong, who claims descent from the fire deity Zhurong. In the Beijing Opera " Dragon and Phoenix Headgear" Zhurong and Meng Huo has a daughter named Huaman.
Historical sources
editMeng Huo and the record of his captures appeared in both the Han Jin Chunqiu, written by Xi Zuochi in the Eastern Jin dynasty and also in the near-contemporary Chronicles of Huayang written between 348 and 354 by Chang Qu. Therefore, two historical documents of different origin and known for reliability, record of Meng Huo history and authenticity. The Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi, when compiling his annotated version of the Records of the Three Kingdoms found Xi Zuochi's account reliable and annotated him to Chen Shou's work with no further comment. The historian Sima Guang when he compiled the Zizhi Tongjian also recorded Meng Huo's history.
However due to Pei Songzhi criticism of Xi Zuochi on other part of his work. The historian Fang Guoyu (方國瑜) used Pei's doubts on Xi's unreliability to challenge the story of Meng Huo's seven captures. However, Fang did not go as far as to doubt Meng Huo's existence.[1]
The absurdity of Meng Huo being captured and released seven times led many to doubt the story, and even of Meng Huo's existence. The Republican-era historian Zhang Hualan (張華爛) wrote in his article "Discussion on Meng Huo" (孟獲辯) that Meng was a fictional character invented by later historians, noting that the name "Huo" (獲), which means "captured" in Chinese, is too coincidental considering Meng's fate on being captured[2] – a view shared by many academics.[3]
A contrary example of this argument could be made with the given name of Liu Bei and Liu Shan. Bei (備) which means "to prepare" and Shan (禪) which means "to give" in Chinese. Just as with Meng Huo, those indicate what happened. Liu Bei prepared his kingdom and Liu Shan gave it just as Qiao Zhou noted it. Yet, those individuals are definitely not fictional.[4] Furthermore, it is unclear if Meng Huo was of Chinese ascendent or from the foreign tribe. If it was the latter, then It may have sounded similar as "Huo" (獲) therefore was transcribed as such.[5]
Huang Chengzhong (黃承宗) of the Liangshan Yi Slave Society Museum believes Meng to be a real historical figure, though he is certain that the "seven times freed" story is fiction.[6]
Sichuan University professor Miao Yue (繆鉞) contended Zhuge Liang would not be able to release the leader if the latter was indeed captured. Tan Liangxiao (譚良嘯), director of the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple in Chengdu, also stated the "seven times freed" story to be "strange and unbelievable", but like Fang and Huang, he believes Meng Huo did exist in history.[7]
Life
edit
When the Shu Han emperor Liu Bei died in 223 CE, the local people of Nanzhong rebelled against Shu Han, stating that there were three lords claiming to be the legitimate ruler of China and they no longer knew whom they should pledge allegiance to. In retaliation, the Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang launched an invasion on the Nanzhong region and successfully quelled the uprising.
At the beginning of the rebellion, when Yong Kai (雍闓) saw that many people were still indecisive about this course of action. He had Meng Huo from Jianning Commandery (建寧) sent to persuade the Sou (叟) and other tribes. Meng Huo proclaimed to all of them that the government was making excessive demands of rare resources that is difficult to acquire in large numbers. The tribe people believed him and so they rejoined Yong Kai back.[8]
After Yong Kai's death, Meng Huo replaced him as the leader of the rebellion. During the summer, Zhuge Liang led his army and crossed the Lu River and advanced toward Yizhou Commandery (益州). He captured Meng Huo then had him brought into his camp and asked him what did he think of his army. Meng Huo answered to him "I have regrets for if I knew this earlier, I would have easily defeated you."[9]
Zhuge Liang thought that if he wanted to concentrate all his efforts in the campaigns to the north, he would have to find tricks and ways to subdue the tribes of Nanzhong since they were often in rebellion and causing chaos. So he forgave Meng Huo and had him sent back to his army. After this, the two armies fought each other seven times, Meng Huo was always captured by Zhuge Liang and he was always forgiven and released. All of this caused Meng Huo along with the tribal people and Han citizens to reconsider their rebellion and to sincerely submit. When Zhuge Liang saw Meng Huo arrived, he asked him what were his intentions. Meng Huo replied that he considered Zhuge Liang as the "scourge of Heaven" and never again would the people of the south dare to revolt.[10]
After the rebellion, many talented people of the south joined the Shu Han government. Meng Huo was one of them and became a subordinate of Zhuge Liang. His highest office was Assistant to the Imperial Counsellor (御史中丞).[11]
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
editThis section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. (August 2023) |
- Extracts from the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms about Meng Huo:
- Chapter 87
- "In the third year of Jianxing, a bulletin came to Yi Province announcing, "Meng Huo has led 100,000 Nanman tribesmen across our borders to plunder the villages.""
- "Despite protest from Court Councillor Wang Lian, Zhuge Liang leaves to lead 500,000 soldiers against the southern forces."
- "The Shu forces were led by Zhuge Liang. Zhao Yun and Wei Yan were his generals, their lieutenants being Wang Ping and Zhang Ni."
- "Meng Huo speaks to Zhuge Liang, "The whole of the riverlands once belonged to another. Your lord seized it by force and proclaimed himself emperor. My ancestors held these lands, which you have encroached upon so barbarically.""
- Chapter 88
- "Zhuge Liang captures and frees Meng Huo: "I can catch him again with ease whenever I choose to. But pacification of the south requires that we subdue the hearts of the Nanman people.""
- "During the conquest, Meng Huo was captured on seven different occasions, by Zhuge Liang. In addition, many Nanman generals and lieutenants were captured and treated with kindness. This caused many withdrawals and eventually the pacification of the south."
- Chapter 90
- Zhuge Liang: "I guessed the enemy would be looking for an ambush in the woods, so I set up decoy banners there to confuse them. There were never any troops. Next, I had Wei Yan lose a series of battles to strengthen their confidence... I ordered Ma Dai to deploy the black wagons in the valley - they had been loaded earlier with fire launchers called 'earth thunder', each containing nine missiles... We cut off the road and burned out the enemy...""
- "Finally, Meng Huo admits defeat: "Seven times captured, seven times freed! Such a thing has never happened! Though I stand beyond the range of imperial grace, I am not utterly ignorant of ritual, of what propriety and honour require. No, I am not so shameless!" He then stripped off one of his sleeves (a sign of swearing oath) and pledged: "By the Chancellor's celestial might, the Southerners will never rebel again.""
Legacy
editThe Yi considered Meng Huo one of their rulers and called him Mot Hop (Yi language: ꂽꉼ).
Meng Huo is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears as a playable general in The Furious Wild DLC for Total War: Three Kingdoms strategy video game.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Fang, Guoyu (方國瑜) (1984). Draft History of the Yi People (彝族史稿) (in Chinese). Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House. p. 118.
- ^ Zhang, Hualan (張華爛). "Discussion on Meng Huo (孟獲辯)". Nanqiang Magazine (南強雜誌) (in Chinese).
陳壽志于南中叛黨雍闿高定之徒，大書特書，果有漢夷共服之孟獲，安得略而不載？其人身被七擒，而其名即為'獲'，天下安有如此湊巧之事？
- ^ Zhang, Xinghai (张星海). "Zhuge Liang's "Seven Captures of Meng Huo" – Real or Fake? (诸葛亮"七擒孟获"真耶假耶？)". Beijing Sci-Tech Report (北京科技报) (in Chinese).
张华烂的观点其实代表了许多学者的观点。
- ^ (充闻之曰：“吾闻谯周之言，先帝讳备，其训具也，后主讳禅，其训授也，如言刘已具矣，当授与人也。今中抚军名炎，而汉年极於炎兴，瑞出成都，而藏之於相国府，此殆天意也。”) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
- ^ "Foreign Names in Chinese".
- ^ Huang, Chengzhong (黃承宗) (2000). Discussion on the Historicity of Meng Huo of Shu Han (蜀漢孟獲史實瑣談) (in Chinese). Vol. 1. Sichuan Research Institute on Yi Studies (四川彝學研究). ISBN 7-5409-2672-4.
- ^ Tan, Liangxiao (譚良嘯). "Suspicions about Zhuge Liang's "Seven Captures of Meng Huo" (諸葛亮"七擒孟獲"質疑)". Journal of Yunnan Normal University (in Chinese).
七擒一事，實近乎離奇，諸葛亮俘孟獲不殺當是有的，但"七擒七縱"則令人難以置信。
- ^ (益州夷復不從闓，闓使建寧孟獲說夷叟曰：「官欲得烏狗三百頭、膺前盡黑，蚊䴘無腦，毒蛇則有腦，而難致也。斷斲木構三丈者三千枚，汝能得不？」夷以為然，皆從闓。斷斲木堅剛，性委曲，高不至二丈，故獲以欺夷。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
- ^ (亮欲俟定元軍眾集合，并討之，軍卑水。定元部曲殺雍闓及士庶等，孟獲代闓為主。亮既斬定元，而馬忠破牂柯，而李恢敗於南中。夏五月，亮渡瀘，進征益州。生虜孟獲，置軍中，問曰：「我軍如何？」獲對曰：「恨不相知，公易勝耳。」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
- ^ (亮以方務在北，而南中好叛亂，宜窮其詐。乃赦獲，使還合軍，更戰。凡七虜、七赦。獲等心服，夷、漢亦思反善。亮復問獲，獲對曰：「明公，天威也！邊民長不為惡矣。」秋，遂平四郡。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
- ^ (亮收其俊傑建寧爨習，朱提孟琰及獲為官屬，習官至領軍，琰，輔漢將軍，獲，御史中丞。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
References
edit- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.