The Little Englanders were a British political movement who opposed empire-building and advocated complete independence for Britain's existing colonies.[1][2] The ideas of Little Englandism first began to gain popularity in the late 18th century after the loss of the American colonies, but later came to be strongly associated as a reference to members of the Liberal Party who opposed further expansion of the British Empire.[3] The term "Little Englander" itself was first recorded in 1833, and was usually derogatory.[4]
Since the 2010s, especially after the 2016 Brexit referendum,[5] the term has become a popular derogatory epithet for an English chauvinist[2] who mistrusts the European Union, international cooperation, and foreigners in general.[6] "Gammon" has been used similarly in British political culture since 2012.[7]
History
editThe original Little England movement originated among manufacturers in Manchester and found support among journalists such as Goldwin Smith. The movement objected to the protectionist stance of British Canada, which was exemplified by the tariff increase of 1859.[clarification needed] The English manufacturers resented paying taxes to defend a colony that imported few British goods, but exported so many to England. Moreover, it was believed that the United States could become a much more important partner, as it was already Britain's best customer outside Europe. There was also a social element to the movement. The Manchester School opposed the Empire for providing sinecures for the idle sons of the aristocracy at the expense of productive industrialists at home.[8] The Little England stance was adopted by a wing of the Liberal Party typified by William Gladstone (1809–1898), who opposed many of Britain's military ventures in the late 19th century. It is particularly associated with opposition to the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Arthur Ponsonby wrote of the Liberal leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's opposition to the Boer War: "The impression one got of him from the Press in those days was … that he was an unpatriotic Little Englander".[9]
In literature
editThe term "little England" predates its political usage; the expression "this little England" was used in the Gunpowder Day sermon of the English Puritan preacher Thomas Hooker (5 November 1626).[10] It is also used in Shakespeare's play Henry VIII (1601), when the Old Lady tells Anne Boleyn: "In faith, for little England / You'd venture an emballing: / I myself would for Carnarvonshire."
Contemporary usage
editThe Cambridge online dictionary defines "Little Englander" as "an English person who thinks England is better than all other countries, and that England should only work together with other countries when there is an advantage for England in doing so".[11] The term has been used as a derogatory term for English nationalists and British people who are xenophobic or overly nationalistic.[12] It has also been applied to opponents of globalism, multilateralism, and internationalism.[12][13] Since the 2010s, especially post-Brexit,[5] the term has gained popularity as a derogatory way to describe supporters of English nationalism and xenophobia.[2] For this reason, it is similar to the insult "gammon", which has been used in British political culture since 2012.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Galbraith, John S. (October 1961). "Myths of the "Little England" Era". The American Historical Review. 67 (1). doi:10.2307/1846260.
- ^ a b c Chotiner, Isaac. "From Little Englanders to Brexiteers". The New Yorker.
- ^ Olson, James S.; Shadle, Robert, eds. (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 676, 677.
- ^ "Little Englander". Oxford English Dictionary. (Entry "Little Englanders" authored by Patricia Ashman.)
- ^ a b Irving, Clive (October 15, 2016). "The Rise of Hateful Little England" – via www.thedailybeast.com.
- ^ "little Englander | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org.
- ^ a b "Is the EU really plotting to switch Britain to 'Berlin Time'?". Metro. 5 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ Smith, Andrew (2008). British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 24–27. ISBN 9780773575004.
- ^ F. W. Hirst, In The Golden Days (London: Frederick Muller, 1947), p. 253.
- ^ p.62 of The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology, edited by Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. 438 pages.
- ^ "little Englander | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org.
- ^ a b Crace, John (11 June 2013). "Who are these 'little Englanders' David Cameron is playing to?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
In short, it has become a byword for small-minded bigotry.
- ^ "A Eurosceptic union is forming across Europe". Coffee House. 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2019-04-09.
