The Labin Republic (Croatian: Labinska republika, Italian: Repubblica di Albona)[2] was a short-lived self-governing republic that was proclaimed by miners in the Istrian city of Labin (Albona) on March 7, 1921,[3][4] during a mining strike. It was created in what has been described as the world's first anti-fascist uprising.[5] On April 8, the Italian administration in Istria suppressed the strike by force.
Labin Republic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | |||||||||
 Flag
 Emblem
| |||||||||
| Motto: Kova je nasa[1] "The mine is ours" | |||||||||
 Labin Republic shown in red, Proština rebellion in green | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
| Capital | Labin 45°05′N 14°07′E / 45.083°N 14.117°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Italian, Croatian, and Chakavian | ||||||||
| Government | Socialist republic | ||||||||
• Head of the miners committee | Giovanni Pippan | ||||||||
• Commander of the Red Guards | Francesco Da Gioz | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | March 7, 1921 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | April 8, 1921 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 325 km2 (125 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Italian lira | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Croatia | ||||||||
History
editWith the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the end of the First World War, Italy was given the regions of Istria and parts of Dalmatia as part of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, as promised in the Treaty of London by the Triple Entente.[6] Italy began to revitalize and exploit the population and economic potential of the occupied territories.
Before Mussolini's March on Rome in Italy, fascists occupied the headquarters of the Workers' Committee in Trieste in 1921, set it on fire, and attacked representatives of the Raša (Arsa) Mining Trade Union. Prompted by this event and the exploitative character of the mine owners, the Società Anonima Carbonifera Arsa, a general strike of about two thousand miners broke out.
One of the causes of the strike was the decision by the mine owners not to pay a bonus for February 1921, because the miners had taken a day’s holiday to observe Candlemas on 2 February, although the management had abolished it as a holiday. "For the miners the Candlemas was, next to the feast of Santa Barbara, the most important day because February 2 symbolized the light."[7]
The men were of different origins - Croats, Slovenes, Italians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles and Hungarians. They were led by Giovanni Pippan, sent by the Italian Socialist Party from Trieste. However on March 1, 1921, Pippan was caught by a group of fascists at the railway station in Pazin, where he was beaten. The news reached Labin the following day and on 3 March the miners assembled and decided to occupy the mine works in response. Augmented by the arrival of the peasants from the surrounding countryside, a "red guard" was organized as a security force tasked with maintaining order.[8]
The miners proclaimed the republic in the occupied mines on 7 March with the slogan, Kova je nasa ("The mine is ours"). They organized a government and the Red Guards as protection from the police, and started to manage the production of mines by themselves with the support of some farmers.
On April 8, 1921 the Italian administration in Istria, responding to requests for intervention from the mine owners, decided to suppress the republic using military force.[9] A thousand soldiers surrounded the mine and eventually succeeded after suppressing the strong resistance of the miners. The arrested miners were sent to prisons in Pola and Rovigno. The indictment charged 52 miners.[10] Lawyers Edmondo Puecher, Guido Zennaro and Egidio Cerlenizza successfully defended the accused, and the jury issued an acquittal.[10]
Aftermath
editAlthough never established, the Labin Republic had left unrecoverable scars on Labinština, and it had a much wider echo. This cluster of events should be interpreted in the context of the circumstances at the time, particularly in the Italian Peninsula and Central Europe. The multi-ethnic, but unique armed resistance to overwhelming fascism paved the way for anti-fascism.
The story of the Labin Republic was the subject of a 1985 Yugoslav film, The Red and the Black (Serbo-Croatian: Crveni i crni).[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Matošević, Andrea (2021). "Labinska republika 1921: antropološko-povijesne bilješke uz stogodišnjicu rudarskog zauzeća ugljenokopa, samoorganizacije i otpora". Politička misao. 58 (1): 7–26. doi:10.20901/pm.58.1.01.
- ^ "Labin Town Museum". iti-museum.com. Labin Town Museum. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ "Sto godina od početka Labinske republike*" [One Hundred Years Since the Start of the Labin Republic]. Tačno.net (in Croatian). March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- ^ Osmanagić, Danijel (3 August 2021). "100 let Labinske republike" [100 years of the Republic of Labin]. Zgodovina na dlani (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "Turistička atrakcija u Istri: I Hrvatska će imati podzemni grad i to u Labinu" [Tourist attraction in Istria: Croatia will also have an underground city in Labin] (in Croatian). 7 March 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ Moos, Carlo (2017). "Südtirol im St. Germain-Kontext". In Grote, Georg; Obermair, Hannes (eds.). A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015. Oxford-Berne-New York: Peter Lang. pp. 27–39. ISBN 978-3-0343-2240-9.
- ^ Škopac, Tanja. "Ricordata la prima rivoluzione dei minatori" [Remembered the first revolution of the miners]. La Voce del Popolo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ Celeghini, Riccardo (23 March 2016). "BALKANS: "The mine is ours!" History of the Republic of Labin". eastjournal.net. East Journal. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ Stallaerts, Robert (2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7363-6.
- ^ a b "Labinska republika" [Labin Republic]. Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ "Red And Black / Rdeči in črni / Crveni i crni (1985)". imdb.com.
Further reading
edit- "Labinska republika". Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian).
- La Repubblica di Albona e il movimento dell'occupazione delle fabbriche in Italia, Giacomo Scotti, Luciano Giuricin, Centro di ricerche storiche, 1971