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Khagrachhari District

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Khagrachari (Bengali: খাগড়াছড়ি) is a district in the Chittagong Division of Southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region.

Khagrachari
খাগড়াছড়ি
District
View of Konglak Hill, Khagrachari
View of Konglak Hill, Khagrachari
Nickname: 
প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্যের রাণী (The Queen of Natural Beauty) / উপত্যকার শহর (The City of Valleys)
Motto: 
বৈচিত্র্যে সৌন্দর্য (Beauty Lies in Diversity)
Location of Khagrachari District within Bangladesh
Location of Khagrachari District within Bangladesh
Map
Expandable map of Khagrachari District
Coordinates: 23°02′30″N 91°59′40″E / 23.0417°N 91.9944°E / 23.0417; 91.9944
Country Bangladesh
DivisionChittagong Division
CapitalKhagrachhari
Government
 • TypeDistrict Council
 • BodyKhagrachhari Hill District Council
 • District Council ChairmanMongsui Pru Chowdhury[1]
 • Deputy CommissionerProtap Chandra Biswas[2]
 • Chief Executive OfficerMd. Nuruzzaman[3]
Area
 • Total
2,749.16 km2 (1,061.46 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[4]
 • Total
714,119
 • Density260/km2 (670/sq mi)
DemonymKhagrasoria
Time zoneUTC 06:00 (BST)
Postal code
4400
Area code0371
ISO 3166 codeBD-29
HDI (2018)0.593[5]
medium · 14th of 21
Websitewww.khagrachari.gov.bd

Etymology

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The zila headquarters is located on the bank of the Chengi river (meaning Chhara in local language) which was full of Catkin plants (meaning Khagra in local language). It is believed that the zila might have derived its name from the above two words 'Khagra' and 'Chhara'.

History

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The Chittagong Hill Tracts was loosely under the reign of the Tripura State, the Arakans & the Sultans in different times before it came under the control of the British East India Company in 1760. Although the British got the authority of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in 1760, they had no authority besides collecting nominal taxes. Until 1860, two kings or chiefs governed the internal administration of this region. In 1860, another circle was formed in present Khagrachari zila, inhabited by the Tripura population. The chief or the Raja of this circle was selected from the minority Marma population. The circle was named after the Tripura dialect the Mun Circle, but later, the 'Mun dialect', was changed and renamed as Mong Circle. In 1900 the British offered independent status to Chittagong Hill Tracts recognizing the culture and language of the hill tracts population. But during the Partition of India, this status was abolished and became part of East Bengal, ruled under Pakistan. Then, the name of this subdivision was Ramgarh with its headquarters at Khagrachari. It was upgraded to zila in 1983. Khagrachari Local Govt. Council was established on 6 March 1989 to uphold the political, social, cultural, educational and economic right and to expedite the process of socio-economic development of all residents of Khagrachari Hill District. According to 'Peace Accord' this council was renamed as “Khagrachari Hill District Council (KHDC)” by the Act-10 of 1998. Now this council has been regarded as the main focal point of administration as well as development activities of the district.

Geography

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Khagrachari is a hilly area. It is bounded by Tripura state of India on the north and west, Rangamati district to the east and Chittagong District to the southwest. Notable hill ranges are Golamoon, Chotto Panchari, Karmi Mura, Lutiban, Kuradia, Bhanga Mura, Jopisil.

It has three rivers, namely Chengi, Feni and Maini. Chengi is the longest river in Khagrachhari. The main ethnic groups living in the district are Tripuris, Chakmas, Bengalis and Marmas.

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1974 188,975—    
1981 278,461 5.69%
1991 342,488 2.09%
2001 525,664 4.38%
2011 613,917 1.56%
2022 714,119 1.38%
Sources:[6][7]

According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Khagrachhari District had 169,526 households and a population of 714,119 with an average 4.14 people per household. Among the population, 144,968 (20.30%) inhabitants were under 10 years of age. Khagrachhari had a literacy rate of 71.80%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 100.27 males to 100 females. Approximately, 41.74% of the population lived in urban areas. The population density was 260 people per km.2.

As per the 2022 Census, there were a total of 349,390 (48.93%) indigenous people in the district. The population of major ethnic minorities living in the district besides the Bengalis, including: Chakma 175,165, Tripura 98,500 and Marma 74,210.[8]

Ethnicity in Khagrachhari district (2022)[9][10]

  Bengali (51.07%)
  Chakma (24.53%)
  Tripura (13.79%)
  Marma (10.38%)
  Others (0.21%)


Bengali in Khagrachhari

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According to 2022 census, Bengalis are the largest group in Khagrachhari District(51.07%).

They are largest ethnic group in Matiranga Upazila (76.10%), Manikchhari Upazila (73.57%), Ramgarh Upazila (73.14%) and Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila(40.77%).

Upazila District Percentage of Bengali [9][11]
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 76.10%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 73.57%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 73.14%
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 40.77%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 39.00%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 36.95%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 35.59%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 33.02%
Lakshmichhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 25.76%

Chakma in Khagrachhari

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According to 2022 census, Chakmas are the largest indigenous group in Khagrachhari District(24.53%).

They are the largest ethnic group in Dighinala Upazila (53.38%), Lakshmichhari Upazila(51.33%), Panchhari Upazila (44.04%) and Mahalchhari Upazila (43.52%).

Upazila District Percentage of Chakma[9][11]
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 53.38%
Lakshmichhari Upazila, Khagrachhari District 51.33%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 44.04%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 43.52%
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 27.13%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 7.37%
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 3.12%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 2.77%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 1.93%

Tripura in Khagrachhari

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According to 2022 census, Tripuras are second largest indigenous group in Khagrachhari District(13.79%).

They are the largest indigenous group in Matiranga Upazila (18.68%) and Ramgarh Upazila (13.28%)

Upazila District Percentage of Tripura [9][11]
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 20.99%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 19.36%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 18.79%
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 18.68%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 13.28%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 7.38%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 5.60%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 3.97%
Lakshmichhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 0.46%

Marma in Khagrachhari

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According to 2022 census, Marmas are third largest indigenous group in Khagrachhari District (10.39%).

They are the largest indigenous group in Guimara Upazila (38.10%) and second largest in Manikchhari Upazila (18.73%).

Upazila District Percentage of Marma [9][11]
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 38.10%
Lakshmichhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 21.82%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 18.73%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 15.25%
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 10.86%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 10.61%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 3.12%
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 2.07%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 0.06%

Religion

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Religion in the Khagrachhari (2022)[9][12]

  Islam (46.59%)
  Buddhism (35.93%)
  Hinduism (16.76%)
  Christianity (0.62%)
  Other (0.10%)
Religion 1941[13]: 104–105 [a] 1981[7] 1991[7] 2001[7] 2011[7] 2022[14]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Tribal[b] 73,324 96.26% — — — — — — — — — —
Islam   712 0.94% 89,630 32.19% 162,504 47.44% 228,753 43.52% 274,258 44.18% 332,687 46.59%
Buddhism   — — 139,166 49.98% 121,631 35.51% 206,473 39.28% 231,309 37.68% 256,600 35.93%
Hinduism   26,907 6.78% 48,160 17.30% 57,158 16.69% 86,351 16.43% 103,195 16.81% 119,706 16.76%
Christianity   0 0% 637 0.23% 939 0.27% 3745 0.71% 4,070 0.66% 4,407 0.62%
Others [c] 207 0.27% 868 0.30% 256 0.09% 342 0.06% 1,085 0.18% 719 0.10%
Total Population 76,171 100% 278,461 100% 342,488 100% 525,664 100% 613,917 100% 714,119 100%

Islam

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According to 2022 census, Islam is the largest religion in Khagrachhari district(46.59%).

Upazila District Percentage of Islam[11]
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 73.94%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 68.02%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 65.48%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 35.70%
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 34.98%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 30.94%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 30.78%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 30.60%
Lakshmichhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 20.07%

Buddhism

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According to 2022 census, Buddhism is the second largest in Khagrachhari District(35.93%).

Upazila District Percentage of Buddhism[11]
Lakshmichhari Upazila, Khagrachhari District 77.73%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 61.67%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 54.54%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 47.25%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 46.74%
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 38.50%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 21.50%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 14.63%
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 5.58%

Hinduism

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According to 2022 census, Hinduism is third largest religion in Khagrachhari district(16.76%).

Upazila District Percentage of Hinduism [9][11]
Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila Khagrachhari District 24.76%
Guimara Upazila Khagrachhari District 22.51%
Panchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 21.46%
Matiranga Upazila Khagrachhari District 19.73%
Ramgarh Upazila Khagrachhari District 19.16%
Manikchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 10.15%
Dighinala Upazila Khagrachhari District 9.41%
Mahalchhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 6.93%
Lakshmichhari Upazila Khagrachhari District 2.07%

Christianity

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According to 2022 census, Christianity is the fourth largest religion in Khagrachhari district(0.62%).

Christian form 1.75% in Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila.

Subdivisions

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Upazilas under this district are:

  1. Dighinala Upazila
  2. Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila
  3. Lakshmichhari Upazila
  4. Mahalchhari Upazila
  5. Manikchhari Upazila
  6. Matiranga Upazila
  7. Panchhari Upazila
  8. Ramgarh Upazila
  9. Guimara Upazila[15]

Administration

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Khagrachhari district consist of 3 Paurashava, 9 Upazila/Thana, 38 Union, 122 Mauza, 27 Ward, 153 Mahalla and 1,702 Villages. The upazilas are Dighinala, Khagrachhari Sadar, Lakshmichhari, Mahalchhari, Manikchhari, Matiranga, Panchhari, Ramgarh and Guimara.

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Md. Shahiduzzaman[16]

Chairman of Hill District Council: Mr. Kongjari Chowdhury

Economy

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Most of the people live on Jhum cultivation. There are also people of various professions like teacher, farmer and businessmen. Tourism is becoming a strong income source for the local.

Main sources of income Agriculture 59.92%, non-agricultural labourer 9.33%, industry 0.44%, commerce 10.67%, transport and communication 1.11%, service 7.94%, construction 0.92%, religious service 0.24%, rent and remittance 0.37% and others 9.06%.[17]

Education

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Rate of school going student is 44.07%. There are 18 colleges, 71 high schools, 13 madrasa and different kinds of educational institutions.

Noted educational institutions:

  • Khagrachhari Government College (1974)
  • Matiranga Degree College (1992)
  • Tabalchari Greenhill College (2009)
  • Ramgarh Government Degree College (1980)
  • Panchhari College (1990)
  • Dighinala Government College
  • Khagrachhri Cantonmet public school and college (2006),
  • Panchhari High School and College (1981)
  • Khagrachhari Government High School (1957)
  • Tabalchhari Kadamtoli High School (1952)
  • Matiranga Pailot High school
  • Gomti B.K High school
  • Santipur High School
  • Amtoli High school
  • Taindong High School
  • Matiranga Girls High School
  • Khadachora High School
  • Bornal Moktizodha High School
  • Matiranga Reacidencial High School
  • Ramgarh Government High School (1952)
  • Rani Nihar Devi Government High School (1976)
  • Dighinala Government High School
  • Choto Merung High School (1975)
  • Thakurchara High School (1979)
  • Khagrachhari North Khobongpodia Government Primary School (1905)[18][19]

[20]

Archaeological heritage and relics

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Among the archaeological heritages and relics, Rajbari of the Mong Circle and Dighi (large pond) of Dighinala (excavated by Gobinda Manikya Bahadur exiled king of Tripura) are notable.[21]

Transport

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Palanquin, elephant cart, buffalo cart, horse carriage, bullock cart and country boat were the traditional transports once found in the rural area of the zila. These means of transport are either extinct or nearly extinct except country boat. Now-a-days, all the upazilas are connected to the zila headquarters by metalled roads. Bus, minibus, three wheelers, pickup van ply over the zila. Chander Gari (local four wheeled jeep) is a popular transport used to ply in the hill area of the zila.[21]

Climate

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Temperature and Rainfall: The annual average temperature of the zila varies from maximum 34.6 °C to minimum 13 °C and the average annual rainfall is 3031 mm.

Member of Parliament

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Election Member Party
1986 A. K. M. Alim Ullah Jatiya Party (Ershad)
1988 Jatiya Party (Ershad)
1991 Kalparanjan Chakma Bangladesh Awami League
1996 Bangladesh Awami League
2001 Wadud Bhuiyan Bangladesh Nationalist Party
2008 Jotindra Lal Tripura Bangladesh Awami League
2014 Kujendra Lal Tripura Bangladesh Awami League
2018 Bangladesh Awami League
2024 Bangladesh Awami League[22]

Notable persons

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Ramgarh subdivision and Dighinala thana of erstwhile Chittagong Hill Tracts district, which roughly corresponds to the present district. District and tehsil borders have shifted since 1941.
  2. ^ 'Tribal' was used as a blanket term for religious traditions of all tribes, and many of these tribes followed a more mainstream religion.
  3. ^ Including Jainism, Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated

References

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  1. ^ "খাগড়াছড়ি জেলা".
  2. ^ "List of Deputy Commissioners".
  3. ^ "খাগড়াছড়ি জেলা".
  4. ^ Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. pp. viii, 29, 38, 45. ISBN 978-984-35-2977-0.
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  6. ^ Population and Housing Census 2022 National Report (PDF). Vol. 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. November 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Khagrachhari" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
  8. ^ https://bbs.gov.bd/site/page/2888a55d-d686-4736-bad0-54b70462afda/-
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Population and Housing Census 2022 - District Report: Khagrachhari (PDF). District Series. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. June 2024. ISBN 978-984-475-245-0.
  10. ^ https://bbs.gov.bd/site/page/2888a55d-d686-4736-bad0-54b70462afda/-
  11. ^ a b c d e f g https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c
  12. ^ "Population Census 2022: A CHT demographic analysis – parbattanews : E…". 26 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 August 2024.
  13. ^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province" (PDF).
  14. ^ Population and Housing Census 2022 District Census Handbook: Khagrachhari (PDF). Vol. 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. July 2024.
  15. ^ "Guimara upazila office works from a room of the union parishad". The Business Standard. 10 November 2019.
  16. ^ খাগড়াছড়ির নতুন ডিসি প্রতাপ চন্দ্র বিশ্বাস. PaharBarta.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  17. ^ Begum, M. E. A.; Miah, MA Monayem; Rashid, M. A.; Islam, M. T.; Hossain, M. I. (7 April 2019). "Economic analysis of turmeric cultivation: evidence from Khagrachari district". Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 44 (1): 43–58. doi:10.3329/bjar.v44i1.40902. ISSN 2408-8293.
  18. ^ "Khagrachari Government College". kgc-edu.gov.bd. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Khagrachhari District". Banglapedia. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  20. ^ "মাটিরাঙ্গা উপজেলা".
  21. ^ a b "বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো".
  22. ^ "Who won and where: Check the map". The Business Standard. 7 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  23. ^ "AL's Kujendra Lal Tripura retains Khagrachhari". Dhaka Tribune. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Constituency 298_10th_En". Bangladesh Parliament. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  25. ^ "ICIMOD – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)". Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  26. ^ "Chairman of Chattogram Hill Tracts Development Board Naba Bikram Kishore Tripura distributing bamboo saplings among marginal farmers in Rangamati town as Chief Guest recently". The New Nation. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  27. ^ "Taskforce on CHT refugees to meet Oct 5". The Daily Star. 3 October 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  28. ^ "Constituency 298". Bangladesh Parliament. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
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