Jisr Jindas, Arabic for "Jindas Bridge",[1] also known as Baybars Bridge, was built in 1273 CE. It crosses a small wadi, known in Hebrew as the Ayalon River, on the old road leading south to Lod and Ramla.[2] The bridge is named after the historic village of Jindas, which stood east of the bridge.[3] It is the most famous of the several bridges erected by Sultan Baybars in Palestine, which include the Yibna and the Isdud bridges.[4]
Jisr Jindas | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates | 31°58′N 34°54′E / 31.97°N 34.9°E |
| Carries |  Route 434 (Abba Hillel Silver St.) |
| Crosses | Ayalon River |
| Locale | Lod, Israel |
| Official name | Jisr Jindas |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Arch |
| Total length | 30 metres |
| Width | 10 metres |
| History | |
| Opened | 1273 CE |
| Location | |
 | |
History
edit
The present structure dates to AH 672/AD 1273, but is believed to be constructed on Roman foundations.[5] It was first studied in modern times by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, who noted that an Arabic chronicle had referred to the construction by Baybars in AH 672 of two bridges of a significant nature "in the neighbourhood of Ramleh".[6] The second of these two bridges is thought to be the Yibna Bridge.[6]
Clermont-Ganneau concluded that the bridge was built using masonry reclaimed from the Church of Saint George, which had been destroyed in the Crusader-Ayyubid War.[6]
On the west and east faces of the bridge are two nearly identical inscriptions, flanked by two lions (or leopards). The inscription on the east reads as follows:
Bismallah..., and blessings on their lord Muhammad, his family and his companions. The building of this blessed bridge was ordered by their master, the great Sultan al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars, ibn Abd Allah, in time of his son their Lord Sultan al-Malik al-Said Nasir al-Din Baraka Khan, may Allah glorify their victories and grant them His grace. And that, under the direction of the humble servant aspiring to the mercy of Allah. Ala al-Din Ali al-Suwwaq, may Allah grant grace to him and his parents, in the month of Ramadan, the year 671 H. [March–April 1273 C.E.]
Ala al-Din Ali al-Suwwaq was the same official charged with overseeing the construction of the Great Mosque of Lydda three years earlier.[7]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the bridged served a major road in the Nahiyeh (sub-district) of Lod that encompassed the area of the present-day city of Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut in the south to the present-day city of El'ad in the north, and from the foothills in the east, through the Lod Valley to the outskirts of Jaffa in the west. This area was home to thousands of inhabitants in about 20 villages, who had at their disposal tens of thousands of hectares of prime agricultural land.[8]
In 1882 the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine noted that Jisr Jindas had a representation of two lions and an Arabic text. It further noted that it appeared to be "Saracenic work".[9]
Description
editThe bridge is over 30 metres (98 ft) long and 10 metres (33 ft) wide, and runs north–south. It consists of three arches and two central piers, with the central arch wider than the two other arches.[2]
Baybars panthers or lions
editIn his native Turkic language, Baibars' name means "great panther".[10] Possibly based on that, Baibars used the panther as his heraldic blazon, and placed it on both coins and buildings.[10] On the Bridge of Jindas, the lions/panthers used play with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baibars' Crusader enemies.[11]
According to Moshe Sharon, the lions on Jisr Jindas are similar to the ones on the Lions' Gate in Jerusalem, and Qasr al-Basha in Gaza. All represent the same sultan: Baybars. The Gaza lions were created with interlocking lines suggesting leopard spots, however, the felines' outline is similar. Sharon estimates that they all date to approximately 1273 C.E.[12]
-
Baibars' lion on the Bridge of Jindas -
Baibars' lions on Lions' Gate, Jerusalem -
Baibars' lion from Qal'at al-Subeiba, at the foot of Mount Hermon
See also
edit- List of Roman bridges
- Barid, Muslim postal network renewed during Mamluk period (roads, bridges, khans)
- Jisr al-Ghajar, stone bridge south of Ghajar
- Daughters of Jacob Bridge (Jisr Banat Yaqub)
- Al-Sinnabra Crusader bridge, with nearby Jisr Umm el-Qanatir/Jisr Semakh and Jisr es-Sidd further downstream
- Jisr al-Majami bridge over the Jordan, with Mamluk khan
- Yibna Bridge or "Nahr Rubin Bridge"
- Isdud Bridge (Mamluk, 13th century) outside Ashdod/Isdud
- Jisr ed-Damiye, bridges over the Jordan (Roman, Mamluk, modern)
References
edit- ^ "The bridge of Jindas", according to Palmer, 1881, p. 215
- ^ a b Petersen, 2001, p. 183
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 4–6.
- ^ Petersen, 2008, p. 297
- ^ O’Connor, 1993
- ^ a b c Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol.2, pp.110–117
- ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 184
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its countryside during the Ottoman period". Diospolis - City of God: Journal of the History, Archaeology and Heritage of Lod. 8: 103–136.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 264–5
- ^ a b Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh (2004). The image of an Ottoman city: imperial architecture and urban experience in Aleppo in the 16th and 17th centuries. Brill. p. 198. ISBN 90-04-12454-3.
- ^ Niall Christie (2014). Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic Sources. Seminar Studies (first ed.). Routledge. p. 121, Plate 8. ISBN 9781138022744.
- ^ Sharon, 2009, p. 58 and pl.6.
Bibliography
edit- Clermont-Ganneau, C.S., "Le pont de Beibars à Lydda." In Recueil d'archéologie orientale. Clermont-Ganneau, Charles. 262–279. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1888. (editio princeps)
- Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873–1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Marom, R. (2021). Jindās at Lydda’s Entrance: A Cornerstone of the Study of the City’s Rural Hinterland (1459 – 1948). Diospolis 7, 9-43.
- Marom, R. (2022). Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE. Lod, Lydda, Diospolis 1, 1-31.
- O’Connor, Colin (1993), Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39326-4
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
- Petersen, A. (2008): Bridges in Medieval Palestine, in U. Vermeulen & K. Dhulster (eds.), History of Egypt & Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid & Mamluk Eras V Archived 2016-06-04 at the Wayback Machine, V. Peeters, Leuven
- Sharon, M. (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B-C. Vol. 2. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-11083-6. p.229: "From Ramlah the route continued to Ludd (Lydda) and over a bridge (near Jindas) to the north of the city built in 1273, up to the khan of Jaljulyah, built around 1325."
- Sharon, M. (2009). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, G. Vol. 4. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17085-8.
External links
edit- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons
