Iram of the Pillars (Arabic: إرَم ذَات ٱلْعِمَاد, romanized: Iram dhāt al-ʿimād; an alternative translation is Iram of the tentpoles), also called "Irum", "Irem", "Erum", or the "City of the pillars", is a lost city mentioned in the Quran.[1][2]
Iram in the Quran
editThe Quran mentions Iram in connection with ʿimād (pillars):
89:6 Did you not see how your Lord dealt with ʿĀd—
89:7 ˹the people˺ of Iram—with ˹their˺ great stature,
89:8 unmatched in any other land;
89:9 and Thamûd who carved ˹their homes into˺ the rocks in the ˹Stone˺ Valley;
89:10 and the Pharaoh of mighty structures?
89:11 They all transgressed throughout the land,
89:12 spreading much corruption there.
89:13 So your Lord unleashed on them a scourge of punishment.
89:14 ˹For˺ your Lord is truly vigilant.
There are several explanations for the reference to "Iram – who had lofty pillars". Some see this as a geographic location, either a city or an area, others as the name of a tribe.
Those identifying it as a city have made various suggestions as to where or what city it was, ranging from Alexandria or Damascus to a city which actually moved or a city called Ubar.[3][4][5] Ubar, according to ancient and medieval authors, was a land instead of a city.[6]
As an area, it has been identified with the biblical region known as Aram.[7] A more plausible candidate for Iram is Wadi Ramm in Jordan, as the Temple of al-Lat at the foot of Jabal Ramm has some ancient inscriptions mentioning Iram and possibly the tribe of ʿĀd.[8][9]
It has also been identified as a tribe, possibly the tribe of ʿĀd, with the pillars referring to tent pillars. The mystic ad-Dabbagh has suggested that these verses refer to ʿĀd's tents with pillars, both of which are gold-plated. He claims that coins made of this gold remain buried and that Iram is the name of a tribe of ʿĀd and not a location.[10] The Nabataeans were one of the many nomadic Bedouin tribes who roamed the Arabian Desert and took their herds to where they could find grassland and water. They became familiar with their area as the seasons passed, and they struggled to survive during bad years when seasonal rainfall decreased. Although the Nabataeans were initially embedded in the Aramean culture, theories that they have Aramean roots are rejected by modern scholars. Instead, archaeological, religious and linguistic evidence confirms that they are a North Arabian tribe.[1]
Iram in Western writings
editIram became widely known to Western literature with the translation of the story "The City of Many-Columned Iram and Abdullah Son of Abi Kilabah" in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.[11]
In 1998, the amateur archaeologist Nicholas Clapp proposed that Iram is the same as another legendary place Ubar, and he identifies Ubar as the archaeological site of Shisr in Oman.[12] His hypothesis is not generally accepted by scholars.[6][8] The identification of Ubar as Shisr is also problematic, and even Clapp himself denied it later.[13]
In fiction
editGames
edit- Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception explores Iram of the Pillars in the city of Ubar.[14]
- Dominions 5: Warriors of the Faith features Iram as the playable nation Ubar, a precursor to Na'Ba, which represents the Nabataeans.
- Sunless Sea has Irem as a port of call, the city having been transported underground to a subterranean ocean. Fallen London, which exists in the same setting, likewise includes Irem as a location the player can visit late in the game.
- In Civilization VI, when the player captures the last city belonging to an AI-controlled Suleiman I, Suleiman exclaims "Ruin! Ruin! Istanbul has become Iram of the Pillars, remembered only by the melancholy poets."[15]
Literature
edit- Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam mentions Iram: "Iram indeed is gone with all its Rose," begins stanza V.
- H. P. Lovecraft places it somewhere near "The Nameless City" in his stories (1921).[16] In "The Call of Cthulhu", Lovecraft uses the spelling "Irem".[17]
- Iram is the theme of Daniel Easterman's novel The Seventh Sanctuary (1987).
- Bayard Taylor's poem "The Garden of Irem".[18]
- The SCP Foundation Wiki story "ROUNDERHOUSE's Gold Proposal" takes place in and revolves around a history of Iram.[19]
See also
edit- Hadramaut
- Al-Hijr Archaeological Site
- Arabian Desert
- Al-Ukhdud ("The Ditch", or a place near Najran)
- Babil (Babylon)
- Madyan (Midian)
- Ma'rib, Saba' (Sheba)
- Qahtanite
- Sodom and Gomorrah
- The town in Surah Ya-Sin
- Wabar craters
References
edit- ^ a b Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). "ʿĀd". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
- ^ a b Quran 89:6-14
- ^ Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010). "Iram". The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8108-7603-3.
- ^ Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din. Al-Dur Al-Manthur (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). p. 347.
- ^ Ibn Asakir (1163). History of Damascus (Tarikh Dimashq) (in Arabic) (1st ed.). p. 218.
- ^ a b Edgell, H. Stewart (2004). "The myth of the "lost city of the Arabian Sands"". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 34: 105–120. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41223810.
- ^ Bosworth, C. E., ed. (1999). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7914-4355-2.
- ^ a b Webb, Peter (1 June 2019), "Iram", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 20 January 2024
- ^ Elmaz, Orhan (1 January 2017), "A Paradise in the Desert: Iram at the Intersection of One Thousand and One Nights, Quranic Exegesis, and Arabian History", To the Madbar and Back Again, Brill, pp. 522–550, ISBN 978-90-04-35761-7, retrieved 20 January 2024
- ^ Sijilmāsī, Aḥmad ibn al-Mubārak (2007). Pure gold from the words of Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh = al-Dhabab al-Ibrīz min kalām Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh. John O'Kane, Bernd Radtke. Leiden, the Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-474-3248-7. OCLC 310402464.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1885). The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. p. – via Wikisource.
- ^ Clapp, Nicholas (1998). The Road to Ubar: Finding the Atlantis of the Sands. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0-395-87596-4.
- ^ Blom, Ronald G.; Crippen, Robert; Elachi, Charles; Clapp, Nicholas; Hedges, George R.; Zarins, Juris (2007), Wiseman, James; El-Baz, Farouk (eds.), "Southern Arabian Desert Trade Routes, Frankincense, Myrrh, and the Ubar Legend", Remote Sensing in Archaeology, Interdisciplinary Contributions To Archaeology, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 71–87, doi:10.1007/0-387-44455-6_3, ISBN 978-0-387-44455-0, retrieved 20 January 2024
- ^ "The Atlantis of the Sands: the real myth behind Uncharted 3". PlayStation Universe. 26 October 2011.
- ^ OTTOMAN - SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT سليمان اول ALL VOICED QUOTES & DENOUNCE - CIV VI GS DLC, 17 July 2020, retrieved 27 July 2022
- ^ "The Nameless City". Mythos Tomes. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- ^ Lovecraft, H.P. (2018). H.P. Lovecraft Selected Stories. London: William Collins. p. 117. ISBN 9780008284954.
- ^ Taylor, Bayard. "The garden of Irem". Poetry nook.
- ^ "ROUNDERHOUSE's Gold Proposal". The SCP Foundation.
Further reading
edit- Pellegrino, Charles R. (1994). Return to Sodom & Gomorrah: Bible Stories from Archaeologists. Random House. ISBN 0-679-40006-0.
- Clapp, Nicholas (1999). The road to Ubar: Finding the Atlantis of the Sands. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-95786-8. OCLC 41557131.
External links
edit- Entry on Irem in Dan Clore's A Necronomicon Glossary
- "Lost City of Arabia". PBS Nova documentary companion website. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- "Space Radar Image of Ubar Optical/Radar". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 28 April 1998. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- "Space Radar Image of the Lost City of Ubar". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 27 January 1999. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- "The Search for Ubar: How Remote Sensing Helped Find a Lost City". NASA's Observatorium. Archived from the original on 27 February 2001. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- Wilford, John Noble (21 April 1992). "The Frankincense Route Emerges From the Desert". New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
- Blom, Ronald G.; Crippen, Robert; Elachi, Charles; Clapp, Nicholas; Hedges, George R.; Zarins, Juris (March 1997). Space Technology And The Discovery Of The Lost City Of Ubar (PDF). IEEE Aerospace Conference. Aspen, CO: IEEE. doi:10.1109/AERO.1997.574258. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2019.