An iodide ion is the ion I−.[2] Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.[3]
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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Systematic IUPAC name
Iodide[1] | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| 3587184 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| 14912 | |||
| KEGG | |||
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |||
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| Properties | |||
| I− | |||
| Molar mass | 126.90447 g·mol−1 | ||
| Conjugate acid | Hydrogen iodide | ||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
169.26 J K−1 mol−1 | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Other anions
|
Fluoride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Structure and characteristics of inorganic iodides
editIodide is one of the largest monatomic anions. It is assigned a radius of around 206 picometers. For comparison, the lighter halides are considerably smaller: bromide (196 pm), chloride (181 pm), and fluoride (133 pm). In part because of its size, iodide forms relatively weak bonds with most elements.
Most iodide salts are soluble in water, but often less so than the related chlorides and bromides. Iodide, being large, is less hydrophilic compared to the smaller anions. One consequence of this is that sodium iodide is highly soluble in acetone, whereas sodium chloride is not. The low solubility of silver iodide and lead iodide reflects the covalent character of these metal iodides. A test for the presence of iodide ions is the formation of yellow precipitates of these compounds upon treatment of a solution of silver nitrate or lead(II) nitrate.[2]
Aqueous solutions of iodide salts dissolve iodine better than pure water. This effect is due to the formation of the triiodide ion, which is brown:
- I− I2 ⇌ I−
3
Redox, including antioxidant properties
editIodide salts are mild reducing agents and many react with oxygen to give iodine. A reducing agent is a chemical term for an antioxidant. Its antioxidant properties can be expressed quantitatively as a redox potential :
- 2I− ⇌ I2 E° = 0.54 volts (versus SHE)
Because iodide is easily oxidized, some enzymes readily convert it into electrophilic iodinating agents, as required for the biosynthesis of myriad iodide-containing natural products. Iodide can function as an antioxidant reducing species that can destroy ozone[4] and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide:[5]
- 2 I− peroxidase H2O2 tyrosine, histidine, lipid, etc. → iodo-compounds H2O 2 e− (antioxidants).
Representative iodides
edit| Compound | Formula | Appearance | Use or occurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potassium iodide | KI | white crystals | iodine component of iodized salt |
| Hydrogen iodide | HI | colourless gas | strong mineral acid |
| Silver iodide | AgI | yellow powder that darkens in light | photoactive component of silver-based photographic film |
| Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine) |
C15H11I4NO4 | pale yellow solid | hormone essential for human health |
Natural occurrence
editIodargyrite—natural, crystalline silver iodide—is the most common iodide mineral currently known. Iodide anions may sometimes also be found combined with mercury, copper and lead, but minerals with such compositions are even more scarce.[6]
Other oxoanions
editIodine can assume oxidation states of −1, 1, 3, 5, or 7. A number of neutral iodine oxides are also known.
| Iodine oxidation state | −1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | iodide | hypoiodite | iodite | iodate | periodate |
| Formula | I− | IO− | IO− 2 |
IO− 3 |
IO− 4 or IO5− 6 |
References
edit- ^ "Iodide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
- ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr (2006-12-16). "In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ Pillar, Elizabeth A.; Guzman, Marcelo I.; Rodriguez, Jose M. (2013-10-01). "Conversion of Iodide to Hypoiodous Acid and Iodine in Aqueous Microdroplets Exposed to Ozone". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (19): 10971–10979. Bibcode:2013EnST...4710971P. doi:10.1021/es401700h. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 23987087.
- ^ Küpper FC; Carpenter LJ; McFiggans GB; et al. (2008). "Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (19): 6954–8. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.6954K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709959105. PMC 2383960. PMID 18458346.
- ^ "Mineral/rock/commodity names containing 'iodide'". mindat.org. Retrieved 2022-08-09.
External links
edit- "Seaweed use iodine as an antioxidant". Chemistry World blog. Archived from the original on 2010-07-03. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- "Stressed seaweed contributes to cloudy coastal skies, study suggests". Retrieved 2008-05-15.