Hypaepa or Hypaipa (Ancient Greek: Ὕπαιπα)[1] was an Ancient city and (arch)bishopric in ancient Lydia, near the north bank of the Cayster River, and 42 miles from Ephesus, Ephesus[2][3] and remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Hypaepa | |
|---|---|
  Hypaepa | |
| Coordinates: 38°13′52″N 27°58′19″E / 38.23111°N 27.97194°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | İzmir |
Name and location
editIts name was derived from its situation at the foot of Mount Aipos,[further explanation needed] itself a southern foothill of Mount Tmolus,[4]
Its location was identified by the Frenchmen Cousinéry and Texier and confirmed by the excavations carried out by Demostene Baltazzi on behalf of the Ottoman government in 1892. The ruins are close to the present-day village of Günlüce (earlier known as Datbey or Tapaı; in the Ottoman vilayet of Smyrna), 4 kilometres northwest of the town of Ödemiş.[4]
Its position looking towards the plain of Caystrus, was a strategic one on the route between Sardis and Ephesus.[4]
History
edit
Kingdom of Pontus
editIn 88 BC, Hypaepa rebelled against Mithridates VI of Pontus (r. 120-63 BC) and was severely punished.[4]
Roman period
editUnder Roman Emperor Tiberius (AD 14-37) it was selection as a candidate for the location of a temple dedicated to worship of the Emperor, but was rejected as being too insignificant.[4]
The Roman poet Ovid contrasted the great city of Sardis with what he called "little Hypaepa": Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.[5]
Coinage of Hypaepa of the 3rd century AD are extant,[2] until the time of Emperor Gallienus.
Byzantine period
editTo judge by the number of Byzantine churches that it contained, Hypaepa flourished under the Byzantine Empire.[4]
Mythology and pre-christian religion
editThe women of Hypaepa were reputed to have received from the mythological Aphrodite the gift of beauty of form and dancing[6] Ovid placed at Hypaepa the home of Arachne before she was turned into a spider.[7]
The Persian goddess Anahita, identified with Artemis and therefore called Artemis Anaitis or Persian Artemis, was worshipped at Hypaepa, which had been part of the Achaemenid Empire. However, under the Roman Empire the priests of the temple bore Greek names, not Persian.[4][6]
Pausanias mentions a rite performed in Hypaepa, in which wood was set alight apparently by magic.[8]
There was a temple of Priapus at the city.[9]
An inscription from the synagogue of Sardis mentions a benefactor who was a member of the council of Hypaepa, indicating the presence there of a Jewish community.[4]
Ecclesiastical history
editBishopric
editHypaepa was an episcopal see, one of many suffragans of Ephesus, the metropolitan see of the late Roman province of Asia Prima. It remained active until the 13th century.
Under Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelus Comnenus (1185-1195 and 1203-1204) it became a Metropolitan see.[6]
Lequien (Oriens Christianus I, 695) mentions six bishops: Mithres, present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325; Euporus, at the First Council of Ephesus in 431; Julian, at Ephesus, 449, and at the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Anthony, who abjured Monothelism at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680; Theophylactus, at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787; Gregory, at the Council of Constantinople in 879. To these may be added Michael, who in 1230 signed a document issued by the Patriarch Germanus II (Revue des études grecques, 1894, VII).[6]
Titular see
editThe Latin diocese was nominally restored as titular bishopric around 1900 as Hipæpa (Curiate Italian Ipæpa) and renamed Hypæpa in 1933.
It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :
- Edward Gilpin Bagshawe, Oratorians of Philip Neri (C.O.) (1902.01.27 – 1904.01.17), previously Bishop of Nottingham (England, UK) (1874.10.12 – 1901.11.25?), later Titular Archbishop of Seleucia Trachea (1904.01.17 – 1915.02.06)
- Augustin Henninghaus (韓寧鎬), Divine Word Missionaries (S.V.D.) (1904.08.07 – 1939.07.20)
- Raymond Aloysius Lane (林化東), Maryknoll Fathers (M.M.) (1940.02.13 – 1946.04.11)
References
edit- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith
- ^ a b William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, "Ύπαιπα (Αρχαιότητα)
- ^ Ovid, Metamophoses, 11.146, l. 152; English verse translation
- ^ a b c d Sophrone Pétridès, "Hypaepa" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1910)
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, VI
- ^ Pausanias V 27:5-6 text at Perseus
- ^ Petronius, Satyricon, §133
Sencan Altınoluk, Hypaipa. A Lydian City During the Roman Imperial Period, Istanbul, 2013.