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History of retail in Southern California

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Retail in Southern California dates back to its first dry goods store that Jonathan Temple opened in 1827 on Calle Principal (Main Street),[1] when Los Angeles was still a Mexican village. After the American conquest, as the pueblo grew into a small town surpassing 4,000 population in 1860, dry goods stores continued to open, including the forerunners of what would be local chains. Larger retailers moved progressively further south to the 1880s-1890s Central Business District, which was later razed to become the Civic Center. Starting in the mid-1890s, major stores moved ever southward, first onto Broadway around 3rd, then starting in 1905 to Broadway between 4th and 9th, then starting in 1915 westward onto West Seventh Street up to Figueroa. For half a century Broadway and Seventh streets together formed one of America's largest and busiest downtown shopping districts.

An 1853 ad in Spanish in the bilingual Los Angeles Star for Lazard & Kremer dry goods
S. Lazard & Co.'s store on Main St. between 1866 and 1872
Hamburger's, "The People's Store" Spring Street Early 1880s
Stern, Cahn & Loeb's City of Paris department store at 105-7 N. Spring St. (post-1890 numbering: 205-7 Spring), sometime between 1883 and 1890
Hamburger's building (later May Co. flagship) at 8th and Broadway, ca. 1912
1917 photo of Bullock's Downtown, opened 1907
J. W. Robinson's then-new flagship on 7th Street, 1915
Seventh St. looking west from Broadway, 1917
Buffums' then newly expanded flagship, Downtown Long Beach, 1924
Bullocks Wilshire 1929 art deco-style flagship
The 1939 Streamline Moderne style May Co. Wilshire, now The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
Center court at South Coast Plaza mall, opened 1967
Fountain at Irvine Spectrum Center lifestyle center, opened 1995
Animated fountains at The Grove, opened 2002

Branches in what were then the suburbs like Hollywood and Mid-Wilshire were built in the 1920s, and local department stores as well as branches of national variety stores and J. C. Penney opened in local downtowns in the outlying towns that would become the suburbs. However, real suburbanization took off in the 1950s with the building of shopping centers across the suburbs. By the 1960s few suburbanites ventured to Downtown Los Angeles to shop, and regional and community shopping centers flourished. Local chains Bullock's, The Broadway, J. W. Robinson's, May Co. and Buffums built out dozens of branches each in malls across Southern California, as did Sears and J. C. Penney.

In the 1990s the local department store chains either closed or were folded into Macy's. Alternative shopping center formats like power centers, lifestyle centers, and outlet malls arose, strip malls flourished, and as elsewhere in the country, shopping malls began to close or were transformed into strip-style community shopping centers. Retail in Southern California today is much like anywhere else in the United States, with a variety of shopping center formats, and ever-increasing competition from online shopping and major fallout of closed stores as a results of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic which closed stores for months.

Origins near the Plaza (1827 – 1870s)

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The first dry goods store was opened by Jonathan Temple in 1827 when Los Angeles was a Mexican pueblo. Some of the dry goods retailers who opened over the following decades included two Harris & Frank (1856) and Desmond's (department store) (1862), that would grow into local chains that survived until the end of the 20th century. The dry goods stores migrated in the 1860s and 1870s a few blocks south of the Plaza to Temple, First, and Main streets, and some would grow into the first department stores, such as the City of Paris,[2] Jacoby Bros.,[3] Hamburger's,[4] and Coulter's.[5]

Downey blocks

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On the northwest corner of Temple and Main streets stood four buildings in succession, the first two of which had a key role in the history of retail in Southern California, as it was home to a number of upscale retailers who would later grow to be big names in the city, and some, regional chains. The site later became a Post Office and Federal Building, and is now the Spring Street U.S. Courthouse.

  • Old Downey Block (?-1871), northwest corner of Temple and Main, Replaced by the Downey Block (1871–1910). Retailers that got their start here included Harris & Jacoby,[3][6] forerunners to the Harris & Frank clothing chain and the large Jacoby Bros. department store; and M. Kremer,[7] forerunner of the Los Angeles City of Paris.
  • Downey Block (1871–1910), replaced by the New Post Office in 1910. Retailers who were located here included Coulter's (1878–79),[5] Jacoby Bros. (1878–79),[8] and Quincy Hall (1876–1882),[9] forerunner of Harris & Frank.

Temple Block

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Temple Block was actually a collection of different structures that occupied the block bounded by Spring, Main and Temple, erected in 1858 and expanded in 1871. The block had many law offices and also a key role in the retail history of Los Angeles, as it was the first home to several upscale retailers who would become big names in the city: Desmond's (1870–1882)[10] and Jacoby Bros. (1879–1891).[11]

By the 1880s, most upscale retailers would have migrated southwestward, clustering around First and Spring in what had become the new center of the 1880s-1890s central business district, which was demolished in the 1920s–1950s and it today the site of the (mostly) government buildings of the Civic Center.

Broadway as regional shopping mecca

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The major department stores started to migrate to, or were built along, Broadway between 3rd and 9th streets around 1905–1915, and built very large stores that would over the following decades expand to cover entire or nearly entire city blocks. The Broadway led the way in 1896, Hamburger's (later May Company California in 1906, and Bullock's in 1907. Starting with J. W. Robinson's in 1915, the more upscale stores also migrated westward along Seventh Street as far as Figueroa, where Barker Bros. built a million-square-foot store in 1926. Both streets together formed a very large downtown shopping district.

The square footage of the four largest Downtown L.A. department stores alone—Bullock's at 806,000 sq ft (74,900 m2), The Broadway at 577,000 sq ft (53,600 m2),[12] May Co. at over 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)[13] and J. W. Robinson's (7th St. at Hope) at 623,700 sq ft (57,940 m2)[14][15]—totaled over three million square feet, the size of American Dream Meadowlands, America's largest mall today.

Table of department stores on Broadway and 7th streets

Store Opened Left Moved or closed? Location Sq ft Sq m Architects Current use
SPRING ST. BETWEEN TEMPLE AND SECOND
Coulter's
(1st sequential
location) 		1884 1898 Moved Hollenbeck Block, SW corner 2nd & Spring Historic Broadway station
Hamburger's (1st seq. loc.) 1888 1908 Moved Phillips Block, Franklin & Spring Burgess J. Reeve Site of City Hall
Mullen & Bluett 1889 1910 Moved 101–5 N. Spring Empty lot
Jacoby Bros.
(1st seq. loc.) 		1891 1900 Moved 128–134(–138) N. Spring at Court Site of City Hall
The Hub 1896 1916 Moved Bullard Block, Spring at Court Morgan & Walls Site of City Hall. The Hub moved to 430 S. Broadway.[16]
BROADWAY
Broadway from 2nd to 3rd
Ville de Paris[17]
(A. Fusenot Co.) 		1893 1898 Moved Potomac Block, 221-3 S. Broadway Block, Curlett & Eisen added to Coulter's late 1907, demolished 1958, now a parking lot
Coulter's
(3rd seq. loc.) 		1905 1917 Moved Potomac Block: 225-7-9 S. B'way through to 224-6-8 S. Hill. 1907: expanded into 219-221-223 B'way. 157,000[18] 14,586 Block, Curlett & Eisen demolished, site of parking lot
Boston Dry Goods
(J.W. Robinson Co.) 		1895 1915 Moved 237–241 S. Broadway Theodore Eisen, Sumner Hunt Parking lot
I. Magnin/
Myer Siegel
(1st seq. loc.) 		1899 ? Moved Irvine Byrne Block,
251 S. Broadway[19] 		Sumner Hunt Wedding chapel
Broadway from 3rd to 4th
Coulter's
(2nd seq. loc.) 		1898 1905 Moved 317–325 S. Broadway through to 314–322 Hill St.[20] (Homer Laughlin Bldg.) 86,000[21] John B. Parkinson became Ville de Paris
Now Grand Central Market
Jacoby Bros. (2nd seq. loc.) 1899[22] 1935-6 Moved[23][24] 331-333-335 S. Broadway 60,000 5574 John B. Parkinson[25] Was "Boston Store" in late 1930s.[26] Currently independent retail. 2 of 4 floors were removed.
Ville de Paris
(2nd seq. loc.) 		1905 1917 Moved. 317–325 S. Broadway through to 314–322 Hill Street[20]
Homer Laughlin Building 		96,000[citation needed] 8919 John B. Parkinson Grand Central Market
J. J. Haggarty
 New York Store 		1905 1917 Moved 337–9 S. Broadway Small retail. Only 2 stories remain.
J. M. Hale (Hale’s) 1909 ? ? 341-343-345 S. Broadway[27] retail, top floors were removed
BROADWAY south of 4th St.
Broadway from 4th to 5th
The Broadway
(1st seq. loc.)[28] 		1896 1973 Moved SW corner 4th & Broadway, later through to Hill 1924, 577,000[29] 53,605 Junipero Serra State Office Building
Bon Marché 1907 Liquidated[30] Bumiller Building, 430 S. Broadway
The Hub
(2nd seq. loc.)		 1907 1916 Moved 430 S. Broadway In 1907, The Hub opened at the former Bon Marché.[30] In March 1916, The Hub moved to 337–9 S. Spring.[31] closing in 1922.[32]
Myer Siegel
(2nd seq. loc.) 		1899 ? Moved 455 S. Broadway Became part of Fallas Paredes
Broadway from 5th to 6th
Fifth Street Store
(Steele, Faris & Walker), later Walker's 		1905 ? Closed SW corner 5th & Broadway 1917: 278,640[33] 1917:25,887 Replaced existing store with new building in 1917.[33]
Building later housed Ohrbach's
Ohrbach's Closed SW corner 5th & Broadway Former Walker's store.[33]
Building later housed Ohrbach's
Silverwoods 1904 ? ? 556 S. Broadway (NE corner of 6th) 1920: 115,420[34] 1920: 10,723 Broadway Jewelry Mart
Swelldom 1920[35][36] 1970s Closed 555–561 S. Broadway (NW corner of 5th) Pierpont Davis Small retail
Broadway from 6th to 7th
Jacoby Bros.
(3rd seq. loc.) 		1936[24] 1938[37] Liquidated 605 S. Broadway[24] Became a Zukor's (1940),[38] now mixed-use
Central Dept. Store[39] 1907 1908 609–619 S. Broadway 85,000[40] 7897 Samuel Tilden Norton Demolished, now site of Los Angeles Theatre
Myer Siegel
(3rd seq. loc.) 		Moved 617 S. Broadway Samuel Tilden Norton Demolished, now site of Los Angeles Theatre
Mullen & Bluett (2nd seq. loc.) 1910 1960s Moved 610 S. Broadway
(Walter P. Story Building)[41] 		Morgan, Walls & Clements Mixed-use
Desmond's 1924 1972[42] Closed 616 S. Broadway 85,000[43] 7897 A. C. Martin[44] Renovated 2019 as office space, a restaurant and a rooftop bar.[43]
Harris & Frank
2nd concurrent location 		1947 1980[45] Closed 644 S. Broadway
(J. E. Carr Building) 		Robert Brown Young[46]
Bullock's
(1st seq. loc.) 		1907 1983 Closedb NW corner 7th & Broadway
by 1934, most of the block 6th/ 7th/ Broadway/ Hill 		1907: 350,000
1934: 806,000[47] 		1907: 32,516
1934: 74,880 		Parkinson & Bergstrom St. Vincents Jewelry Mart
Broadway from 7th to 8th
F.W. Woolworth 1920 719 S. Broadway Ross Dress for Less
Reich and Lièvre 1917 c.1927 737-745 S. Broadway (Isaac Bros. Bldg.)
Broadway from 8th to 9th
Hamburger's
(2nd seq. loc.)
After 1925:
May Company
(1st loc.) 		1906 1986 Moved SW corner 8th & Broadway
by 1930, entire block 8th/ 9th/ Broadway/ Hill 		1906: 482,475[48][49]
1930, >1,000,000[50] 		1906: 44,823, 1930 92,903 Under renovation to become tech campus
Broadway from 9th to 10th
Blackstone's 1917 901 S. Broadway (SE corner 9th) 118,800[51] 11,037 John Parkinson Building became The Famous,
now residential, retail
Eastern Columbia 1930 1957[52] 849 S. Broadway through to Hill 1930: 275,650[53] (expanded in 1950)[54] 1930: 25,609 Claud Beelman Residential condo
SEVENTH STREET (from Broadway west to Francisco)
Seventh between Broadway and Hill
Bullock's (see above)
Seventh between Hill and Olive
Ville de Paris, from 1919 B. H. Dyas 1917 1933 Liquidated 420 W. 7th (SE corner Olive) Dodd and Richards L.A. Jewelry Mart
Seventh between Olive and Grand
Haggarty's 1917 1963[55] Closed Brockman Building,
520–530 W. 7th at Grand[56][57][58][59]
 George D. Barnett,
Barnett, Haynes & Barnett 		Apartments
Coulter's (4th seq. loc.) 1917 1938 Moved 500 W. 7th (SW corner Olive) Dodd and Richards Mixed-use. Coulter's moved to Miracle Mile.
Seventh between Grand and Hope
J. W. Robinson's (2nd seq. loc.) 1915 1993 Closed 600 W. 7th ("7th, Hope & Grand") 1915: 400,000[60]
1923: 623,700 sq ft (57,940 m2)[61] 		1915: 37,161
1923: 57,944 		Noonan & Richards (1915), Edgar Mayberry/Allison & Allison (1934 remodel) Mixed-use
Desmond's 7th St. (2nd seq. loc.) 1934,[62] expanded 1937[63] Closed 2nd Union Oil Building, 617 W. 7th. St. 22,500 (1937)[64] 2090 Alexander Curlett and Claude Beelman Walgreens[65]
Seventh between Hope and Flower
The Broadway (2nd loc.), later Macy's 1973 Open Open Broadway Plaza 750 W. 7th (Hope to Flower) 250,000[66] 23,226 Charles Luckman In operation
Desmond's 7th St. (1st seq. loc.)
(B'way store remained open) 		1927[62] 1934 Moved Roosevelt Building, 717 W. 7th St. Alexander Curlett and Claude Beelman Shoo Shoo Baby (restaurant)
Barker Bros. (final downtown loc.) 1926 1984[67] Closed 818 W. 7th (Flower to Figueroa) 1,000,000[68] 93,000 Curlett and Beelman Offices
Seventh between Figueroa and Francisco/I-110
Bullock's (2nd seq. loc.), later Macy's 1986 1996 Closed Seventh Market Place now FIGat7th, 735 S. Figueroa Jon Jerde[69] Gold's Gym (level M1), Target (M2), Zara (M3)
May Company (2nd seq. loc.), later Macy's 1986 2009a Closed Nordstrom Rack (level M1), Target (M2), H&M (M3)
FLOWER STREET from Seventh to Eighth
Weatherby-Kayser shoes 1925 715–9 S. Flower
Myer Siegel (4th seq. loc.) 1927 733 S. Flower
Parmelee-Dohrmann (homewares) 1927 741–7 S. Flower

aas Macy's, breopened in 1986 at Citicorp Plaza, now FIGat7th.


The first outlying and suburban shopping districts

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In the first half of the 20th century, some outlying towns also saw their downtowns grow into large regional shopping districts, and some of the local department stores based there would become small regional chains after World War II, like Buffums, The Wise Company (closed 1936) and Roberts (Long Beach), Boston Stores (Inglewood), Harris Co. (San Bernardino), Walker Scott and Marston's (San Diego), and Nash's (Pasadena).

Hollywood

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Hollywood established itself as the only major suburban shopping district of the pre-World War II era, attracting branches of local and national stores, both mainstream and upscale, between the late 1910s and the late 1920s. In the 1920s Hollywood Boulevard and adjacent streets became a major regional shopping district, both for everyday needs and appliances, but increasingly also for high-end clothing and accessories, in part because of the nearby film studios. Chains that opened includes Schwab's in 1921, Mullen & Bluett in 1922, I. Magnin in 1923, Myer Siegel in 1925, F. W. Grand and Newberry's (dime stores) in 1926 to 1928, and Roos Brothers in 1929. The independent Robertson's department store, at 46,000 square feet (4,300 m2) and 4 stories tall, opened in 1923. In 1922, stock was sold to finance construction of a much larger department store at Hollywood and Vine,[70] originally to have been a Boadway Bros. When Boadway's went out of business the next year, B. H. Dyas, a Downtown Los Angeles–based department store,[71] opened in the 130,000-square-foot (12,000 m2) building in March 1928, then sold their lease to The Broadway in 1931 – the building still a landmark today, known as the Broadway Hollywood Building. By 1930 the shopping district consisted of over 300 stores.[72] The area would later face competition from areas along Wilshire Boulevard: the easternmost around Bullocks Wilshire which opened in 1929, second the Miracle Mile, and finally, the shopping district of Beverly Hills, where Saks Fifth Avenue opened a store in 1938.

Branches of downtown department stores

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Bullock's and B. H. Dyas department stores built the first suburban branches in 1929, in Mid-Wilshire and Hollywood respectively, Bullock's and Desmond's opened boutique stores in Westwood Village and Palm Springs, Sears built several stores in the suburbs (1927-1939), and Saks Fifth Avenue opened in Beverly Hills, which would then soon replace Hollywood as the city's largest upscale suburban shopping district. But Downtown Los Angeles was still a goliath of retail square footage compared to anything else in Southern California.

1950s-1980s: Suburban shopping centers and malls

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True suburbanization took off after World War II with the opening of very large shopping centers like Crenshaw Center (1947),[73] Lakewood Center (1952),[74] Valley Plaza (1951) – in the mid-1950s claiming to be the largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States and the third-largest in the country,[75] and Panorama City Shopping Center (1955).[76] Bullock's built a series of four "Fashion Squares", starting with Santa Ana Fashion Square in 1958,[77][78] and Broadway and Robinson's also backed new suburban centers. By the 1960s, most Los Angeles area shoppers didn't bother (or had no particular need) to go to Downtown Los Angeles to shop, far from most suburbs and with more difficult parking facilities than in the suburbs. Broadway instead continued as a great shopping hub, but from the 1970s through the mid-2000s, for immigrant Latin Americans and local Hispanic shoppers with its bazaar (or indoor swap meet-type) offerings and quinceañera and wedding dress shops.[79] More and more regional malls were built, as well as some community shopping centers with single department stores, for example Honer Plaza in Santa Ana, Orangefair Mall in Fullerton, and three centers in three centers in Santa Fe Springs alone. The downtown areas of the older suburbs like Long Beach, Santa Ana, Anaheim, and Whittier, lost their function as regional shopping districts, except for those building downtown enclosed malls like Plaza Pasadena, Santa Monica Place and San Bernardino's Central City Mall, and Beverly Hills, which retained its status as the premiere luxury shopping district. Pedestrian malls in outlying downtowns were largely unsuccessful such as the Golden Mall in Burbank, Pomona Mall, and Riverside Main Street Mall and, until its renovation, Santa Monica's Third Street Mall.[80]

Discount department stores and membership stores, mostly Los Angeles–based, like The Akron, Fedco, Fedmart, Gemco, Mervyn's, Pic 'N' Save, Unimart, White Front, and Zody's, thrived in this era as well.[81]

The end of the Los Angeles chains

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Timeline of transformation to Macy's

Chain 1988 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 2005
Bullock's Wilshire (BW)
and I. Magnin 		Acquired by Macy's BW merged into I. Magnin Federated
buys
Macy's 		I. Magnin chain closed, incl. former BW stores
Bullock's Acquired by Macy's Stores become Macy'sa
The Broadway Acquired by Federated Stores become Macy'sa
Robinson's
and May Co. Cal. 		Robinson's and May Co. Cal. merged as Robinsons-May Acquired by Federated, stores become Macy'sa
aor close or are sold or are transformed into Bloomingdales

In the 1990s, via a series of takeovers, the "big four" Los Angeles–based department stores: Bullock's, The Broadway, Robinson's and May Company, plus Bullocks Wilshire and I. Magnin, became part of Macy's, which in turn became part of Federated Department Stores (since renamed Macy's Inc.), and were turned into Macy's, Bloomingdales, or were sold or closed.

In 1988, Robert Campeau took over Federated and sold Bullock's and I. Magnin to Macy's.[82] In 1990 Bullock's Wilshire (BW) became part of I. Magnin and some BW branches were closed. However, Macy's went bankrupt in 1992, and Federated bought Macy's in 1994, and in 1995, Federated's Macy's closed the entire I. Magnin chain.[83]

In 1995 Federated bought Broadway Stores, Inc. and thus, The Broadway chain.[84] Macy's changed the nameplate of Broadway and Bullock's stores to Macy's, except some locations which it converted to Bloomingdales.[85]

Owner May Department Stores combined its midrange May Company and upscale Robinson's chains into a single 45-store midrange chain, Robinsons-May, in 1993.[86] In 2005, Federated took over May and Robinsons-May was dissolved, and as with Bullock's and Broadway nine years prior in 1996, some stores became branches of Macy's, while others were closed, sold, or transformed into Bloomingdales.[87]

National discount big box retailers like Walmart and Target became more popular during this people and some malls, like Panorama City Shopping Center, became anchored only by discount stores. The local discount store chains closed.

Today

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New models of shopping centers thrived. Large power centers with multiple big box retailers, and older malls were demolished to make way for community centers. The strip mall thrived. A renewed Downtown Burbank as well as Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica were successes, as are the outdoor, pedestrian-oriented spaces of The Grove at Farmer's Market and Westfield Century City. Lifestyle centers like Irvine Spectrum Center and outlet malls like The Citadel were built. Many of the largest traditional enclosed shopping malls still thrive, such as South Coast Plaza, Los Cerritos Center, and Westfield Santa Anita, to name a few. The formerly busy retail districts of suburban downtowns such as Santa Ana, City of Orange, Burbank, North Hollywood, Riverside, and Pasadena are now often entertainment and arts districts with outdoor dining and eclectic, artsy retail mix.

Today, no department store chains are based in Southern California except Pic ‘N’ Save and Curacao, both discount retailers targeting the Hispanic market.

References

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  2. ^ "Stern Cahn and Loeb - City of Paris - 1883 - 105-107 N Spring St". Los Angeles Times. October 26, 1883. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
  3. ^ a b "The Jacoby Brothers: Pioneer Jewish Merchants of Los Angeles". Jewish Museum of the American West. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Ready to Welcome: Grand opening of vast and fine establishment: People's Store". Los Angeles Times. June 1, 1899. In April 1899 it added the Ponet store 20 ft to the north of the Bumiller Block.
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  6. ^ Wilson, Karen (3 May 2013). Jews in the Los Angeles Mosaic. Univ of California Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780520275508.
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  9. ^ "Advertisement by L. Harris/Quincy Hall". Los Angeles Herald. October 24, 1879. p. 2. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  10. ^ "Desmond's in Seventy-Sixth Year", Los Angeles Times, 21 Oct 1937, Page 8
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  12. ^ "Framework is now finished: Construction Started Late Last Fall: Additional Will Be Completed During July: Department Store Growth Is Consistent". Los Angeles Times. March 23, 1924. p. 91. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  13. ^ "Clipped from Los Angeles Herald". Los Angeles Herald. 15 April 1906. p. 20.
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  15. ^ pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/9453/
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  25. ^ "Will Go Up Rapidly: Work on the Jacoby Building Was Begun Today: Most of the Material for the Big Business Structure Is Already on the Ground". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. September 1, 1899. p. 1. Architect John Parkinson
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  30. ^ a b "Temporary Store: Hub Clothing Company Will Open Through The Holidays, on South Broadway". The Los Angeles Times. 13 October 1907. p. 23. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
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  32. ^ "The Hub ad". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. 8 September 1922. p. 7. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  33. ^ a b c "Broadway Buildings: To Cost Million". Los Angeles Times. April 22, 1917. p. part V p. 13. Eight stories…plus basement and sub-basement…172 feet on Broadway by 162 feet on Fifth
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  35. ^ "Ad for Swelldom". Los Angeles Times. November 21, 1920. p. 45.
  36. ^ "Ad for Swelldom". Los Angeles Times. November 28, 1920. p. 47.
  37. ^ "Advertisement for liquidation of Jacoby Bros". Los Angeles Times. September 30, 1938. p. 45.
  38. ^ "Downtown Broadway Store Leased in $1,000,000 Deal: Business Prepares to Expend $150,000 in Converting Property to Its Uses". Los Angeles Times. February 11, 1940. p. 63.
  39. ^ "New Department Store Opens Doors to Public". Los Angeles Herald. March 26, 1907. p. 4.
  40. ^ "New Department Store Opens Doors to Public". Los Angeles Herald. March 26, 1907. p. 4.
  41. ^ "Walter P. Story Building". Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  42. ^ "Ad for Desmond's Downtown LA Removal Sale". Los Angeles Times. February 10, 1972. p. 7.
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  49. ^ "Hamburger's Big Store Celebrates: Thirty-Fifth Anniversary Sale To Mark Event; Started in Small Room on Main Street, Now Occupies Building with Thirteen Acres of Floor Space---History of the Great Emporium's Growth and Success". Los Angeles Times. October 29, 1916. p. III_A15. ProQuest 160381558.
  50. ^ "Advertisement for May Company". Los Angeles Times. March 25, 1930. p. 10.
  51. ^ "Material Progress: Millions Going into Broadway Buildings: New Blackstones". Los Angeles Times. April 22, 1917. 90 feet of frontage on Broadway and 165 feet on 9th Street…with 6 stories plus two basement levels
  52. ^ "Eastern-Columbia closes down 1957". The Los Angeles Times. 1957-02-03. p. 26. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
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