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Haiphong

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Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng) is the third-largest city in Vietnam and is the principal port city of the Red River Delta.[8] The municipality has an area of 1,526.52 km2 (589.39 sq mi),[1] consisting of 8 urban districts, 6 rural districts and 1 municipal city (sub-city). Two of the rural districts cover islands in the South China Sea: Bạch Long Vĩ and Cát Hải. It has a population of 2,130,898 in 2023.[9][10] The city's economy has strength in manufacturing, as evident by large industrial parks and numerous smaller traditional handicraft villages. Historically, Haiphong is the first place in Vietnam and Mainland Southeast Asia to get electricity.

Haiphong
Hải Phòng
Municipality (Class-1)
City of Haiphong
Thành phố Hải Phòng
From top, left to right: Downtown Haiphong, Haiphong seen from Haiphong Opera House, Lê Chân statue, Nguyen Binh Khiem overpass, Hai Phong Port, Đồ Sơn.
Nickname: 
Flamboyant City (Thành phố hoa phượng đỏ)
Map
Provincial location in Vietnam
Provincial location in Vietnam
Coordinates: 20°51′54.5″N 106°41′01.8″E / 20.865139°N 106.683833°E / 20.865139; 106.683833
Country Vietnam
RegionRed River Delta
SeatHồng Bàng
Subdivision8 urban districts, 1 municipal city, 6 rural districts
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyHaiphong People's Council
 • Secretary of the PartyTrần Lưu Quang
 • Chairman of People's CouncilPhuong Giang Hồ
 • Chairman of People's CommitteeNguyễn Văn Tùng
Area
[1]
1,526.52 km2 (589.39 sq mi)
Population
 (2024)[2][3]
2,310,280
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,432,079
Ethnic groups
[4]
 • Vietnamese99.6%
 • Others0.4%
Time zoneUTC 07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
04xxx–05xxx
Area codes225
License plate15, 16
GRP (Nominal)2020[5][6]
- TotalUS$12 billion
- Per capitaUS$5.863
HDI (2022)Increase 0.807[7]
(4th)
ClimateCwa
International airportCat Bi International Airport
Websiteen.haiphong.gov.vn

In the imperial era of Đại Việt, the Bạch Đằng River in Haiphong was a place of many legendary victories, led by now-legendary commanders Ngô Quyền and Trần Hưng Đạo. In the 16th century, Mạc dynasty has promoted the coastal settlement as a secondary capital, growing to become an important port town of Đàng Ngoài. After the French conquest of Vietnam, in 1888, the president of the French Third Republic, Sadi Carnot, promulgated a decree to establish Haiphong as one of the principal cities of the French Indochina. From 1954 to 1975, Haiphong served as the most important maritime city of North Vietnam. It was one of directly controlled municipalities of a reunified Vietnam with Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 1976. In the 21st century, Haiphong is under active land reclamation, the most recent effort being the construction of South Đình Vũ dike in 2022.

Haiphong is a popular seaside vacation spot and known for biological reservations in Cát Bà Island. For its extensive port, the city hosts the headquarter of Vietnam People's Navy. Royal poinciana are commonly associated with Haiphong in Vietnamese culture.

History

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Dynastic Vietnam

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Mordern-day Haiphong was the home of Lê Chân, one of the female generals under the command of the Trưng Sisters who rose against Chinese domination in 40 AD and ruled until their defeat in 43 AD. Lê Chân was known to have established the Hải tần Phòng thủ (“Defenced Sea-coast”) during the war against general Ma Yuan of the Han dynasty.[11][12] Centuries later under the reign of Nguyễn Emperor Tự Đức, the area earned the appellation: Hải-Dương thương-chính quan-phòng ("The trading defensive area of Hải Dương Province").

 
A street in the late 19th century

By the 19th century, at the end of Tự Đức's reign, the Hang Kenh Communal House in what is now the city's Le Chan District was made the administrative seat of An Dương District, restoring its regional importance.[13] The area by then had developed into a sizable commercial port.

At the eve of the French conquest in 1881, a typhoon ravaged the area, killing about 3,000 people in and around Haiphong. Despite the damages, Haiphong was developed by the French to serve as Indochina's main naval base over the ensuing decades.

Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Vietnam War

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See also: Operation Rolling Thunder, Operation Linebacker, and Operation Linebacker II

Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, Vietnamese nationalists agitated for independence against French return. French forces landed in Haiphong and encountered resistance which resulted in the deaths of three French soldiers. In retaliation, the French ships, among them the cruiser Suffren, shelled the city, setting it ablaze[14] and precipitating the First Indochina War.[15][16] French infantry forces under the command of Jean-Étienne Valluy entered the city, fighting house to house with the support of armored units and airplanes.[17]

Late in the Vietnam War, Haiphong was subjected to heavy bombing by US Navy and Air Force strike aircraft because it was North Vietnam's only major port. U.S. Admiral Thomas H. Moorer ordered the mining of Haiphong harbor on 8 May 1972, effectively sealing the port. Until it was lifted, the mining caused no casualty.[18][19] Despite being targeted, the physical structure of the city was mostly unaffected by the war as the US had a self-imposed prohibition zone for the city. After the war, the city recovered its role as a significant industrial center.[13]

Geography

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Haiphong is a coastal city located at the mouth of the Cấm River, in Vietnam's north-eastern coastal area, 120 kilometres or 75 miles east of Hanoi. The Bính Bridge crosses the Cam and connects the city with Thủy Nguyên District. It has a total natural area of 152,318.49 hectares or 376,387 acres (2001). It borders Quảng Ninh Province to the north, Hải Dương Province to the west, Thái Bình Province to the south, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the east. Bach Long Vi island, Cat Ba Island and the Long Châu islands, located in the Gulf, are also administered as part of the city. Tidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city, however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture or development purposes.[20]

Climate

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Haiphong features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen: Cwa) with hot, humid summers and warm, dry winters. The city is noticeably wetter from April through October; roughly 90% of the city's annual rainfall (which totals approximately 1,700 millimetres or 67 inches) typically falls during these months. There is a noticeable difference in temperatures between the city's winters and summers. Haiphong's coolest months, January and February, sees average high temperatures reach 20 °C (68 °F) and average low temperatures at around 14 °C (57.2 °F). Its warmest months, June and July, sees average high temperatures hover around 33 °C (91.4 °F) and average low temperatures at around 26 °C (78.8 °F). Sea temperatures range from a low of 21 °C (70 °F) in February to a high of 30 °C (86 °F) during the months of July and August.[21]

Climate data for Haiphong (Phù Liễn, Kiến An district)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.4
(99.3) 		41.5
(106.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		38.5
(101.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.6
(97.9) 		33.1
(91.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		41.5
(106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.1
(71.8) 		26.9
(80.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.8
(82.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		24.7
(76.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.2
(73.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.8
(69.4)
Record low °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		4.5
(40.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 28.0
(1.10) 		27.4
(1.08) 		48.5
(1.91) 		85.3
(3.36) 		201.6
(7.94) 		238.1
(9.37) 		238.1
(9.37) 		353.0
(13.90) 		257.1
(10.12) 		136.3
(5.37) 		43.0
(1.69) 		22.8
(0.90) 		1,679.3
(66.11)
Average rainy days 8.4 12.8 17.1 12.9 12.6 14.1 14.2 17.5 13.8 9.7 6.4 5.5 145.2
Average relative humidity (%) 84.4 88.5 90.9 90.7 87.5 86.8 86.6 88.4 86.3 82.3 79.8 79.5 86.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 82.0 46.6 41.3 85.0 183.7 181.3 199.1 169.5 179.1 179.8 148.5 126.8 1,624.8
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[22]
Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1930-1931)[23]
Average sea temperature[21]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average temperature °C (°F) 22 °C (72 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 26 °C (79 °F)

Administrative divisions

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Political Division of Hai Phong

Haiphong is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:

They are further subdivided into 10 commune-level towns (or townlets), 148 communes, and 72 wards.

Table of local government districts

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District Number of wards
(communes and towns) 		Area (km2)
(2025) 		Population
(2025) 		Density
(people/km2)
An Dương 10 wards 78.96 171,227 2,169
Dương Kinh 6 wards 48.85 60,319 1,235
Đồ Sơn 6 wards 46.32 54,175 1,169
Hải An 8 wards 97.64 144,256 1,477
Hồng Bàng 10 wards 39.77 177,820 4,471
Kiến An 7 wards 29.6 118,047 3,988
Lê Chân 7 wards 11.9 261,854 22,004
Ngô Quyền 8 wards 11.33 186,683 16,477
Sub-Total (Urban districts) 62 wards 364.37 1,174,381 3,223
Thủy Nguyên 17 wards 4 communes 269.1 397,570 1,477
Sub-Total (Municipal city) 17 wards, 4 communes 269.1 397,570 1,477
An Lão 2 towns 15 communes 114.58 146,712 1,280
Bạch Long Vĩ - 3.16 624 197
Cát Hải 2 towns 10 communes 325.6 32.090 98
Kiến Thụy 1 town 15 communes 108.87 160,239 1,471
Tiên Lãng 1 town 18 communes 195 185,619 951
Vĩnh Bảo 1 town 19 communes 183.16 224,813 1,227
Sub-Total (Rural districts) 7 towns 77 communes 930.37 750,097 806
Total 79 wards, 7 towns, 81 communes 1,563.84 2,322,048 1,484

Economy

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Haiphong is a major economic center of the North in particular and Vietnam in general both. Under French domination, Haiphong was level 1 city, equal to Saigon and Hanoi. The last years of the 19th century, the French had proposed to build Haiphong into the economic capital of Indochina.[24] Today, Haiphong is still one of the most important economic centers of Vietnam. In 2009, Haiphong state budget revenue reached 34,000 billion Vnd. In 2011, budget revenues in the city reached 47,725 billion, increase 19% compared to 2010.[25] In 2015, total revenues of the city reached 56 288 billion. Government plans that to 2020, Haiphong's revenues will be over 80,000 billion and the domestic revenue reach 20.000 billion. In the ranking of the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) 2013 of Vietnam, Haiphong city ranked at No. 15/63 provinces.[26] Haiphong has relationship of trading goods with more than 40 countries and territories around the world. Haiphong is striving to become one of the largest commercial centers of the country.[27]

On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating the business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hai Phong received a score of 70.34. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 70.76. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Policy Bias' and ‘Transparency’.[28]

Industry

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Industry is a key sector in Haiphong including food processing, light industries and heavy industries. Major products include fish sauce, beer, cigarettes, textiles, paper, plastic pipes, cement, iron, pharmaceuticals, electric fans, motorbikes, steel pipes and ships and out-sourcing software implementation.[29] Most of these industries have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007, with the exceptions of the cigarette and pharmaceutical industries. Shipbuilding, steel pipes, plastic pipes and textiles are among the industries with the most rapid growth.[29]

There are also growing industries supplying products used by existing industries in the city. PetroVietnam set up a joint-venture PVTex with textile manufacturer Vinatex to build Vietnam's first polyester fiber plant in Haiphong. The factory will use by-products from oil-refining and reduce reliance on imported materials.[30] 270,600 people were employed in Haiphong's industry. 112,600 industrial jobs were created between 2000 and 2007.[29]

Agriculture, forestry and fishery

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Despite its status as a city, around one third of Haiphong's area or 52,300 ha (as of 2007) are used for agriculture. Rice is the most important crop, taking up around 80% of the agricultural land with an output of 463,100 tons in 2007.[29] Other agricultural products include maize, sugar and peanuts.[29]

Haiphong has a relatively large fishing sector with an output of 79,705 tons (2007). Gross output has almost doubled between 2000 and 2007, mostly due to fast growth in aquaculture, which made up 60% of gross output in 2007. Despite its coastal location, sea fish contribute relatively little to the sector (around one fourth). Nam Định Province and Thái Bình Province have much larger fishing sectors and even the inland Hải Dương Province has a larger gross output from fishing than Haiphong.[29]

As of 2007, 315,500 were employed in agriculture and fishery, a significant decrease from 396,300 in 2000. However, these sectors still account for almost a third of total employment in Haiphong, a larger share than industry.[29] However, gross output in both agriculture and fishery have been growing significantly between 2000 and 2007.

Demographics

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Haiphong is the third most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of 2.103.500 for the metropolitan area (2015), encompassing an area of 1,507.57 km2 (582.08 sq mi), 46,1% of population reside in the urban districts.[31] The gender distribution is half female (50.4%).[32]

Population growth

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As of the 2009 census, Haiphong's average annual population growth rate was given as 4.0%. Haiphong's crude birth rate was recorded at 18.1 live births per 1000 persons vs the crude death rate of 7.6 per 1000 persons. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.1 years for women and 72.0 years for men, or 74.5 years overall. Infant mortality rate was measured at 11.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births, just over two points above the nation's average for urban areas. In the same census, the city's out-migration was 1.9% vs in-migration of 2.8% and, for a net migration rate of 0.9%.[32]

Education

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In 2012, Hải Phòng had 4 universities and academies, 17 colleges, 26 professional secondary schools, 56 high schools, and hundreds of other educational institutions ranging from elementary to preschool levels. Trần Phú High School in Hải Phòng holds a Vietnamese record for being the only school with students winning international prizes for 21 consecutive years.

Universities in Hải Phòng

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  • Vietnam Maritime University - A national key university specializing in Transport and Maritime.
  • Hai Phong University - A multidisciplinary university, formerly Hai Phong Teachers College.
  • Hai Phong Medical University - Trains general and specialized doctors, nurses, and serves as a medical research center.
  • Hai Phong Management and Technology University - A private multidisciplinary university.

High Schools in Hải Phòng

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  • Tran Phu Gifted High School: Ranked third nationally in terms of achievements in national student competitions, holds a record for 21 consecutive years of international awards.
  • Ngô Quyền High School: Formerly known as Bonnal School, the oldest in Hải Phòng, with French architectural influence, established in 1920.
  • Thái Phiên High School: A top non-specialized high school in the city, in the top 100 nationwide.
  • Lê Ích Mộc High School: Named after the first scholar of Hải Phòng, located in Kỳ Sơn, Thủy Nguyên.
  • Lê Quý Đôn High School: Another prominent high school in Hải Phòng.
  • Trần Nguyên Hãn High School: Known for students achieving high results in university entrance exams and fostering creative students.
  • An Lão High School: Located at 43 Lê Lợi Street, An Lão town, An Lão district, known for high teaching quality.
  • Vĩnh Bảo High School: Recognized for having many students achieve top results in university entrance exams.
  • Kiến An High School: The second oldest high school in Hải Phòng, known for its high-quality education.
  • Tiên Lãng High School: The first school in Hải Phòng with a student winning the national final of the "Road to Mount Olympia" competition.
  • Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School: Located in Dương Kinh district, known for a high university entrance rate.
  • Haiphong Maritime High School: Internationally named by alumnus Trần Bảo Sơn, affiliated with Vietnam Maritime University.
  • Lương Thế Vinh High School: Formerly Toa Xe Private High School, one of the first four private high schools in Hải Phòng.
  • Hồng Bàng High School
  • Lê Hồng Phong High School
  • An Dương High School
  • Hải An High School
  • Lê Chân High School
  • Thăng Long High School
  • Kiến Thụy High School
  • Nguyễn Đức Cảnh High School
  • Bạch Đằng High School
  • Trần Hưng Đạo High School
  • Nguyễn Trãi High School

Transport

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NASA image of Haiphong

Roads

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Haiphong is located at the junction of two National Highways: Route 5, leading west to Hanoi, and Route 10, leading south to Nam Định and onward to connect with National Route 1 at Ninh Bình. Highway 356 passes west–east from the Route 5/10 junction through Haiphong's city center all the way to the coast. A connecting road from route 5 to route 18 links Haiphong with Quảng Ninh Province. In 2015, the new highway connecting Haiphong with Hanoi was completed; this is the most modern highway in Vietnam and reduces the trip by one hour as compared to the previous route.[33]

Within the city there are several long-distance bus depots: Niem Nghia, Vinh Niem, Thuong Ly.

A new highway route was completed last year 2016 to make the transfer faster and easier. From Hanoi to Haiphong and back, it takes less than 2 hours to reach not so long as 3 hours as before. Also shorten the distance from Haiphong to Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen.

Tourists can easily catch a coach from Niem Nghia bus station to Hanoi or Cat Ba island, either Quang Ninh, or South of Vietnam.

Airports

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The main airport serving Haiphong is Cat Bi International Airport with three flights daily to Ho Chi Minh city. In April 2011, Vietnam Airlines launched routes to Da Nang with 5 flights a week. An international airport for Haiphong, situated in Tien Lang district, is in the planning stages; if realized it would become the largest airport in northern Vietnam.

Seaports

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Moored container ship waiting to return to sea.

Haiphong port is one of the largest ports in Vietnam and south-east Asia as a whole. The Port of Haiphong on the Cấm River is divided into three main docks: Hoang Dieu (Central terminal) located near the city's center, Chua Ve, and Dinh Vu both farther downstream to the east.[34] Several ferry terminals connect Haiphong with the neighboring Cát Hải and Cát Bà Islands; Ben Binh Ferry terminal is located near the city center while Dinh Vu Ferry is located on a spit of land on the coast. The government had approved the plans to build an international port in Lach Huyen – 15 kilometers from the current port. Once completed this will be one of the deepest port in Vietnam with draft of 14m, capable of receiving ships up to 100.000 DWT.

Railway

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Haiphong station built in 1902 is the eastern terminus of the Kunming–Hai Phong Railway, also known as the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway. Built at by the French during their occupation, the railway once connected Haiphong to the city of Kunming in Yunnan, China, although service along the Chinese portion of the line is currently suspended. Rail travel from Haiphong with connections to the rest of the Vietnamese railway network is via Hanoi.

Passenger trains run daily from 6AM until 6PM from Hai Phong city to the capital Hanoi and back. The travel time between the two cities by rail is approximately 3 hours.

Cuisine

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Hai Phong cuisine is known throughout Vietnam for seafood dishes. Seafood restaurants in the Do Son area are known for having very fresh and affordable shrimp, crab, fish, and squid. The style of seafood processing in Hai Phong follows a simple style, emphasizing the essence and freshness of ingredients themselves as opposed to the seasoning.

Dishes such as bánh đa cua (red noodle soup with crab), bún cá (fish rice noodle soup), bánh mỳ que cay (spicy stick-bread), cơm cháy hải sản (crispy rice cracker with seafood), nem cua bể (square crab spring rolls) are notable and popular dishes. These dishes can be found on the streets of other places like Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, but enjoying them on the Flamboyant City (the other name of Haiphong City) is still the most ideal because of the choice of raw ingredients and cooking secrets of local chefs. Hai Phong cuisine has been promoted to Europe at the Brest Maritime Festival 2008 (France) and resonated greatly.

In addition, Hai Phong also has many other dishes such as mantis shrimp hot pot, bean sprouts salad, sủi dìn, bánh bèo (Haiphong's version, which is different from Hue's version).

Notable people

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Twin towns – sister cities

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  •  
    Du Hang Pagoda
  •  
    Du Hang Pagoda Architecture
  •  
    The City's Opera House
  •  
    A Buddhist temple in Haiphong.
  •  
    Haiphong Cathedral (2007)
  •  
    Haiphong City International Exhibition Center
 
Container Ship at the Hai Phong International Container Terminal 03

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Biểu số 4.2: Hiện trạng sử dụng đất vùng Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng năm 2022 [Table 4.2: Current land use status in the Red River Delta in 2022] (PDF) (Decision 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam). 18 October 2023. – the data in the report are in hectares, rounded to integers
  2. ^ "Hơn 2.200 tỉ đồng xây dựng đê biển Nam Đình Vũ, Hải Phòng". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). 2022-11-17. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
  3. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). p. 105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  4. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
  5. ^ "Kinh tế - xã hội thành phố Hải Phòng giai đoạn 2016-2020 tạo đà và bứt phá" (in Vietnamese). Con số và sự kiện. 2021-03-22.
  6. ^ "Thu nhập người Hải Phòng: 11.800 USD/năm vào 2025". Tuổi Trẻ. 15 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Human Development Index by province(*) by Cities, provincies and Year". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  8. ^ "DEEP C - Living and Working in Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  9. ^ https://giadinh.suckhoedoisong.vn. "Hưởng ứng ngày Dân số Việt Nam: Hải Phòng hoàn thành vượt mức các chỉ tiêu Trung ương và thành phố giao". giadinh.suckhoedoisong.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-10-27. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  10. ^ "Đẩy mạnh các hoạt động nâng cao chất lượng dân số". anhp.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  11. ^ "Nữ tướng Lê Chân và dấu ấn Hải Tần Phòng Thủ".
  12. ^ "Chương trình Famtrip"Hải tần Phòng thủ - Góc nhìn mới" tiếp tục giới thiệu nhiều địa danh lịch sử và ẩm thực Hải Phòng | Cổng Thông tin điện tử thành phố Hải phòng".
  13. ^ a b Haiphong's Culture Archived 2017-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. HaiphongTourism.gov.vn
  14. ^ Vietnam by Spencer C. Tucker, page 47. "On 23 November DebeS delivered an ultimatum to the Vietnamese at Haiphong, ordering them to withdraw from the French section of the city, the Chinese quarter, and the port. He gave them only two hours to reply. When the time was up the French subjected the Vietnamese positions to air, land, and sea bombardment, the bulk of the firepower coming from the three- and eight-inch guns of the French Navy Cruiser Suffren. Only military targets were destroyed and not the Vietnamese quarter as some have claimed. Estimates of the number killed in the shelling and ensuing panic vary widely. Casualties up to 20,000 have been cited. French Admiral Battet later said that no more than 6,000 Vietnamese had died, but in 1981 Vu Quoc Uy, then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, told Stanley Karnow that the figure was only 500 to 1,000 dead. Others have put the figure as low as 200".
  15. ^ (in French) Maurice Vaïsse, L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine (1946–1954) : Adaptation ou inadaptation, 2000, p. 276
  16. ^ Plon, Le General de Gaulle et l'Indochine 1940–1946, page 210. "In connection with the naval bombardment, let us note that only the ships of small tonnage could go up the river of Haiphong. On November 23, two colonial sloops supported for the first time the French troops with their artillery to a limited effect: the Chevreuil with its double turret, with its two pairs of 100mm, Savorgnan de Brazza with its four turrets each of one 138mm. No battleship was present. On November 27 on that the evening, the cruiser Suffren was in the Bay d' Along, its tidal water prohibiting it access of the Cua Cam. It transported troops in reinforcement..."
  17. ^ Phillippe Devillers, Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952. Editions du Seuil, Paris. Third edition,1952, pp. 331–340
  18. ^ "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Thomas H. Moorer, 1981". openvault.wgbh.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
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  21. ^ a b Haiphong Climate Guide, Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  22. ^ "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF).
  23. ^ The Yearbook of Indochina (1930-1931)
  24. ^ "Liên kết phát triển giữa Hà Nội và Hải Phòng đóng vai trò quan trọng". Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
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  27. ^ "Sở Ngoại vụ". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
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  29. ^ a b c d e f g General Statistics Office (2009): Socio-economic Statistical Data of 63 Provinces and Cities, Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi
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  33. ^ Administrator. "Hanoi – Hai Phong Expressway Project". www.vidifi.vn.
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Notes

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Haiphong.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haiphong.

20°51′54.5″N 106°41′01.8″E / 20.865139°N 106.683833°E / 20.865139; 106.683833

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