Gaultheria depressa, commonly known as the mountain snowberry[1] or alpine wax berry, is a small ground-hugging shrub of the heath family Ericaceae native to rocky alpine areas of Tasmania, Australia,[2] and New Zealand.[3]
| Mountain snowberry | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | Gaultheria |
| Species: | G. depressa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gaultheria depressa | |
Description
edit
In Australia, Gaultheria depressa is a prostrate shrub 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) high and 50 to 150 cm (19.5 to 59 in) across. It grows larger in New Zealand. The small leaves can be oval or round and measure 0.5 to 1 cm (0.20 to 0.39 in) in length and have serrate margins. The small white tubular flowers appear from September to January and are followed by white or red fruit which is around 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.[4] The berries are edible.
Taxonomy
editJoseph Dalton Hooker described Gaultheria depressa in 1847 from a collection by Ronald Campbell Gunn at Ben Lomond in Tasmania.[5] The species name is Latin depressa "flat". Analysis of DNA shows the next closest relative to Gaultheria depressa is the New Zealand species Gaultheria antipoda, which suggests the Australian populations of G. depressa dispersed to Australia from New Zealand. The next closest relative to the two species is the New Zealand species Gaultheria oppositifolia.[6]
Distribution and habitat
editIn New Zealand, the prostrate habit and dependent fruit shielded by foliage from above suggest it is suited for dispersal by lizards. Furthermore, the ground weta species (Zealandosandrus maculifrons) has been recorded eating the fruit.[7]
It is suitable for rockeries in gardens in temperate climates and has been available commercially in England. It prefers well-drained acidic soil in part shade.[4]
Uses
editEarly settlers in the southern district of New Zealand Otago used to make snowberry pies out of the Gaultheria depressa fruit.[8]
Varieties
editThis species has the following varieties:[6][9]
- Gaultheria depressa var. depressa (native to Tasmania and New Zealand)
- Gaultheria depressa var. novae-zealandiae (endemic to New Zealand)
See also
edit- Gaultheria crassa, with which it hybridises
References
edit
- ^ Salmon, J. T. (1968). Field Guide to the Alpine Plants of New Zealand. AH & AW Reed. p. 230. ISBN 9780589500530.
- ^ "Gaultheria depressa". Key to Tasmanian vascular plants. University of Tasmania. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Eagle, Audrey (2008). Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New Zealand volume two. Wellington: Te Papa Press. pp. 542–544. ISBN 9780909010089.
- ^ a b Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1992). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 349. ISBN 0-85091-213-X.
- ^ "Gaultheria depressa Hook.f." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ a b Bush, Catherine M.; Wagstaff, Steven J.; Fritsch, Peter W.; Kron, Kathleen A. (2009). "The phylogeny, biogeography and morphological evolution ofGaultheria (Ericaceae) from Australia and New Zealand". Australian Systematic Botany. 22 (4): 229–42. doi:10.1071/SB08049.
- ^ Burns, K.C. (2006). "Weta and the evolution of fleshy fruits in New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 30 (6): 405–06.
- ^ Metcalf, Lawrie (2006). Alpine Plants of New Zealand. New Zealand: newhollandpublishers. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-86966-128-1.
- ^ "Gaultheria depressa". nzflora.info. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. Retrieved 15 May 2019.