Pinus balfouriana, the foxtail pine, is a rare high-elevation pine that is endemic to California, United States. It is closely related to the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, in the subsection Balfourianae.
| Foxtail pine | |
|---|---|
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| John Muir Trail, between Forester Pass and Wallace Creek, southern Sierra Nevada | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | P. subg. Strobus |
| Section: | P. sect. Parrya |
| Subsection: | P. subsect. Balfourianae |
| Species: | P. balfouriana
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| Binomial name | |
| Pinus balfouriana Balf., 1853
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| Natural range of Pinus balfouriana | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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List
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Description
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P. balfouriana is a tree to 10–20 m (30–70 ft) tall, exceptionally 35 m (115 ft), with a trunk up to 2 m (7 ft) across. Its leaves are needle-like, in bundles of five (or sometimes four, in the southern Sierra) with a semi-persistent basal sheath, and 2–4 cm (1–1 1⁄2 in) long, deep glossy green on the outer face, and white on the inner faces; they persist for 10–15 years. The cones are 6–11 cm (2 1⁄2–4 1⁄2 in) long, dark purple ripening red-brown, with soft, flexible scales each with a 1-millimeter (1⁄16-inch) central prickle.
Distribution
editP. balfouriana occurs in the subalpine forest at an elevation of 1,950–2,750 m (6,400–9,020 ft) in the Klamath Mountains, and at 2,300–3,500 m (7,500–11,500 ft) in the Sierra Nevada. In the Sierra Nevada, Foxtail pines are limited to the area around Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. In both areas, it is often a tree line species.
There are two disjunct populations:
| Image | Subspecies | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
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Pinus balfouriana var. balfouriana | southern Klamath Mountains |
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Pinus balfouriana var. austrina | the southern Sierra Nevada[4] |
A small outlying population was reported in southern Oregon, but was proven to have been misidentified.[5]
Age
editIt is thought that P. balfouriana can live up to 3000 years in the Sierra Nevada, although the highest currently proven age is 2110 years. In the Klamath Mountains, ages are only known to about 1000 years.
Related species
editP. balfouriana is closely related to the bristlecone pines, being classified in the same subsection Balfourianae; it has been hybridised with the Great Basin Bristlecone Pine in cultivation, though no hybrids have ever been found in the wild.
References
edit- ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus balfouriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42345A2974187. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42345A2974187.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Pinus balfouriana". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
- ^ "Pinus balfouriana Balf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
- ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
- ^ Kauffmann, Michael E. (2012). Conifer Country. Kneeland, CA: Backcountry Press. ISBN 978-0-578-09416-8. OCLC 798852130.
Further reading
edit- Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). "Pinus balfouriana (Foxtail-pine, Balfour-pine)". Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Eytel, Carl (illustrations). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. pp. 44–46. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.
- Bailey, D.K. 1970. Phytogeography and taxonomy of Pinus subsection Balfourianae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 210–249.
- Mastrogiuseppe, R.J. & Mastrogiuseppe, J.D. 1980. A study of Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf. (Pinaceae). Systematic Botany 5: 86–104.
- Richardson, D.M. (ed.). 1998. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
- Fryer, Janet L. (2004). "Pinus balfouriana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
External links
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- Calflora: Pinus balfouriana CalFlora Database: Pinus balfouriana (foxtail pine)
- Gymnosperm Database – Pinus balfouriana
- USDA Plants Profile for Pinus balfouriana (foxtail pine)
- Arboretum de Villardebelle – photos of cones
- High Elevation White Pine Educational Website: Pinus balfouriana
- Conifercountry.com: Foxtail Pines in Northwest California
- Pinus balfouriana in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley