This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: FFC split around 2021 or so; one group is FFC-FC. (April 2023) |
The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC,[1] also Alliance for Freedom and Change, or AFC,[2] and Declaration of Freedom and Change, or DFC;[3] Arabic: قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير)[4] is a wide political coalition of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association, No to Oppression against Women Initiative, MANSAM, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, the National Consensus Forces, Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering,[5][6] and the Sudanese resistance committees,[7] created in January 2019 during the 2018–19 Sudanese protests.[6] The FFC drafted a "Declaration of Freedom and Change"[8] and "Freedom and Change Charter" which called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power, which occurred after several more months of protest in the April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état.[9] The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, and in July 2019, negotiated a power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a transition to return to democracy.[1][2] The agreement was signed on 17 July 2019.[3]
Forces of Freedom and Change قوى إعلان الحرية والتغيير | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | FFC |
| Leader | Central Council |
| Founded | 1 January 2019 |
| Ideology | Anti-authoritarianism Democratization Women's rights |
| Political position | Big tent |
| Members | SRF SPA NCF SRC MANSAM MLN Sudan Call |
| Colours | Green Maroon |
| Website | |
| Facebook page | |
Creation and composition
editThe 2018–19 Sudanese protests had already lasted several weeks when a wide array of civilian and rebel coalitions of Sudanese groups, including the Sudanese Professionals Association, No to Oppression against Women Initiative, MANSAM, the Sudan Revolutionary Front, the National Consensus Forces, Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering,[5][6] and the Sudanese resistance committees,[7] drafted and signed a "Declaration of Freedom and Change"[8] and "Freedom and Change Charter" in which they called for president Omar al-Bashir to be removed from power.[6] The alliance of groups supporting the charter came to be known by several similar names, including the "Forces of Freedom and Change" alliance (FFC or AFC). The 1 January 2019 declaration was signed by 22 organisations in total.[5]
In August 2019, Rosalind Marsden claimed that although Sudanese women and youth had played a major role in the Sudanese Revolution, they had been "largely excluded from FFC decision-making bodies".[10]
November 2019 formalisation
editOn 4 November 2019, the FFC announced a new, formal top structure, consisting of a Central Council, a Coordination Council, and an Advisory Council. The Central Council is the "supreme political" body; the Coordination Council has executive powers; and the Advisory Council "will control and give counsel" to the Central Council. The Central Council and Advisory Council include representatives from the biggest signatories to the Declaration of Freedom and Change Charter, while the Advisory Council includes representatives from all the signatories.[11]
- Central Council
| Group | Names | Since | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) |
|
4 Nov 2019 | [12] |
| National Consensus Forces (NCF) |
|
4 Nov 2019 | [12] |
| Sudan Call |
|
4 Nov 2019 | [12] |
| Unionist Gathering | (3 people) | [11] | |
| Alliance of Civil Forces | (3 people) | [11] | |
| Centre Stream for Change | (1 person) | [11] | |
| Republican Party (Sudan) | (1 person) | [11] | |
| Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) | (undecided as of 4 November 2019[update]) | [11] |
- Coordination Council
| Group | Names | Since | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| SPA | (3 people) | [11] | |
| NCF | (3 people) | [11] | |
| Sudan Call | (3 people) | [11] | |
| Unionist Gathering | (2 people) | [11] | |
| Alliance of Civil Forces | (2 people) | [11] | |
| Centre Stream for Change | (1 person) | [11] | |
| Republican Party (Sudan) | (1 person) | [11] | |
| SRF | (undecided as of 4 November 2019[update]) | [11] |
Role in 2019 political changes
editThroughout the first half of 2019, the FFC supported continuing mass peaceful civil disobedience actions, especially mass street protests for several months. In April 2019, military forces rebelled against al-Bashir and arrested him in the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état.[9]
The FFC continued coordinating protest actions, prior to the 3 June Khartoum massacre by the Rapid Support Forces, and after the massacre. In July and August 2019, the FFC negotiated a detailed power-sharing plan with the Transitional Military Council (TMC) for a Sudanese transition to democracy.[1][2] On 20 August 2019, the TMC transferred power to the Sovereignty Council of five civilians nominated by the FFC, five military chosen by the TMC, and a civilian, Raja Nicola, chosen by mutual agreement between the FFC and the TMC.[13]
Split: Central Council versus Democratic Block
editAs of April 2023[update], the FFC had split into the FFC-CC (Central Council) versus the FFC-DB (Democratic Block). In early April 2023, negotiations between FFC-CC and FFC-DB for cooperation were underway.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b c "'Our revolution won': Sudan's opposition lauds deal with military". Al Jazeera English. 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b c Kirby, Jen (6 July 2019). "Sudan's military and civilian opposition have reached a power-sharing deal". Vox. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
- ^ a b FFC; TMC; Idris, Insaf (17 July 2019). "Political Agreement on establishing the structures and institutions of the transitional period between the Transitional Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces" (PDF). Radio Dabanga. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ^ "مظاهرات السودان: ما هو تحالف إعلان الحرية والتغيير وما هي مطالبه؟" [Sudan protests: what is the Declaration of Freedom and Change Alliance and what does it want?]. BBC News (in Arabic). 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ a b c "Declaration of Freedom and Chang". SPA. 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Sudan rebel umbrella calls to develop political charter for post-regime phase". Sudan Tribune. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- ^ a b Abbas, Reem (8 May 2019). "In Sudan, neighbourhoods mobilised against al-Bashir". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Declaration of freedom and change" (PDF). Radio Dabanga. 1 January 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Sudan's Ibn Auf steps down as head of military council". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Marsden, Rosalind (13 August 2019). "Can Sudan achieve peace and democratic transition?". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Sudan's FFC forms enhanced leadership structures". Sudan Tribune. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- ^ a b c "FFC picks Central Council's members". Sudan Daily. SUNA. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- ^ "Sudan's Sovereign Council appointed". Radio Dabanga. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ "Breakthrough on security reform, rebels demand more power, revolutionary forces call for unity". Radio Dabanga. 6 April 2023. Wikidata Q117787817. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.