Fermont (/ˈfɛərmɒnt/)[5] is a mining city in Côte-Nord region, Quebec, Canada, near the Quebec-Labrador border about 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Labrador City on Route 389, which connects to the Trans-Labrador Highway (Newfoundland and Labrador Route 500). It is the seat of the Regional County Municipality of Caniapiscau.
Fermont | |
|---|---|
| Ville de Fermont | |
 | |
 Flag .svg) Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): Faire front, faire face | |
  Fermont Location in Côte-Nord Region of Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 52°47′N 67°05′W / 52.783°N 67.083°W[1] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Côte-Nord |
| RCM | Caniapiscau |
| Settled | 1971 |
| Constituted | October 15, 1974 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Martin St-Laurent |
| • Federal riding | Manicouagan |
| • Prov. riding | Duplessis |
| Area | |
• Total | 503.06 km2 (194.23 sq mi) |
| • Land | 451.12 km2 (174.18 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1.45 km2 (0.56 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 610 m (2,000 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 2,256 |
| • Density | 5.0/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,151 |
| • Urban density | 1,484.0/km2 (3,844/sq mi) |
| • Pop (2016-21) |  8.8% |
| • Dwellings | 1,538 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | |
| Area code(s) | 418 and 581 |
| Highways |  R-389 |
| Website | www |
Fermont (French contraction of "Fer Mont", meaning "Iron Mountain") was founded as a company town in the early 1970s to exploit rich iron ore deposits from Mont Wright, which is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the west.
The town is notable for the huge self-contained structure containing apartments, stores, schools, bars, a hotel, restaurants, a supermarket and swimming pool; the large building shelters a community of smaller apartment buildings and homes on its leeward side. Popularly known as The Wall (Le Mur), the structure was designed to be a windscreen to the rest of the town. It permits residents (other than mine workers) to never leave the building during the long winter, which usually lasts about seven months. The town, designed by Maurice Desnoyers and Norbert Schoenauer, was inspired by similar projects in Sweden designed by Ralph Erskine, notably that of Svappavaara, an iron mining town in Sweden. The building measures 1.3 kilometres (4,300 ft) long [6] and stands 15 metres (49 ft) high.[7]
History
editFollowing the depletion of the Jeannine Lake Mine at Gagnon in the late 1960s, the Québec Cartier Mining Company began to develop the Mont Wright Mine. This was a large-scale project that involved mining, processing, and transporting iron ore. Some 1,600 employees would be needed, and the town of Fermont was constructed to house them and their families. By the end of 1972, the first people settled there. The same year, the Fermont post office opened, and in 1974, the place was incorporated as Ville de Fermont.[1][8] The town, mine and wall were featured in the television crime drama series La Faille (2019).[9]
Geography
editFermont is in an area of rounded hills and flat areas with peat bogs, wetlands and many lakes and small streams. The valleys show the influence of glacial action and contain undifferentiated glacial till and fluvioglacial deposits of sand and gravel.[10] Lake Perchard, to the north of Fermont, supplies the town with drinking water.[11] The Fermont waste water treatment plant discharges through lakes Daviault and Sans-Nom into Carheil Lake, in the Moisie River watershed.[12] In April 2011 it was reported that water management experts in Sept-Îles were concerned about cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, that had been found in Carheil Lake and had potential to further affect the Moisie River. The bloom was due to phosphorus discharge from the treatment plant, which has since been reduced.[13]
Climate
editFermont has a harsh subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with long, severe winters and short, mild summers. Although overall not as heavy as in most other parts of the Labrador Peninsula, snowfall is still heavy at around 2.9 metres (114.2 in) and average maximum depth of 85 centimetres (33.46 in) which is actually deeper than some other North Shore locations with heavier snowfall like Sept-Îles.
| Climate data for Fermont, Quebec (1981-2010): altitude 595 metres or 1,952 feet | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.5 (43.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
36.5 (97.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −22.1 (−7.8) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −28.1 (−18.6) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−12.2 (10.0) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−8.6 (16.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.0 (−56.2) |
−49.5 (−57.1) |
−46.0 (−50.8) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−45.0 (−49.0) |
−49.5 (−57.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.2 (2.02) |
31.4 (1.24) |
42.8 (1.69) |
40.5 (1.59) |
46.6 (1.83) |
87.7 (3.45) |
118.7 (4.67) |
103.7 (4.08) |
106.0 (4.17) |
67.2 (2.65) |
58.6 (2.31) |
52.2 (2.06) |
806.5 (31.75) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.1 (0.04) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.9 (0.04) |
13.8 (0.54) |
35.3 (1.39) |
86.6 (3.41) |
118.7 (4.67) |
103.7 (4.08) |
102.9 (4.05) |
43.3 (1.70) |
6.8 (0.27) |
1.5 (0.06) |
515.1 (20.27) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 50.1 (19.7) |
30.9 (12.2) |
42.0 (16.5) |
26.7 (10.5) |
11.3 (4.4) |
1.2 (0.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.0 (1.2) |
23.9 (9.4) |
51.8 (20.4) |
50.7 (20.0) |
291.6 (114.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 12.0 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 11.7 | 16.4 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 15.5 | 14.1 | 12.8 | 167.9 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 8.7 | 15.9 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 8.8 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 92.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 11.9 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 8.0 | 13.3 | 12.8 | 80.4 |
| Source 1: Ministère de l’Environnement[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Environment Canada (1971-2000 extremes & precip/snow)[15] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
editIn the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fermont had a population of 2,256 living in 976 of its 1,538 total private dwellings, a change of -8.8% from its 2016 population of 2,474. With a land area of 451.12 km2 (174.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.0/km2 (13.0/sq mi) in 2021.[3]
| 2021 | 2016 | 2011 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 2,256 (-8.8% from 2016) | 2,474 (-13.9% from 2011) | 2,874 ( 9.2% from 2006) |
| Land area | 451.12 km2 (174.18 sq mi) | 476.89 km2 (184.13 sq mi) | 470.67 km2 (181.73 sq mi) |
| Population density | 5.0/km2 (13/sq mi) | 5.2/km2 (13/sq mi) | 6.1/km2 (16/sq mi) |
| Median age | 34.0 (M: 34.8, F: 32.8) | 35.0 (M: 35.6, F: 34.3) | 34.7 (M: 35.5, F: 33.2) |
| Private dwellings | 1,538 (total) 976 (occupied) | 1,638 (total) | 1,221 (total) |
| Median household income | $172,000 | $146,560 | $113,774 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source: Statistics Canada[21] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages
editWith French being the dominant language within the community, Fermont is the world's northernmost Francophone settlement of any considerable size, being located about one degree of latitude north of Dunkirk. Although fluency in French is common in Nunavik and other points north, most in that region have adopted English as their primary language for communication outside their communities. In addition, a Franco-Yukonnais community can be found in Dawson City, Yukon, but it forms only a minority of the total population.[citation needed]
Fermont can also be considered the northernmost town to speak a Romance language.[citation needed]
| Canada Census Mother Tongue - Fermont, Quebec[21] | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Total | French
|
English
|
French & English
|
Other
| |||||||||||||
| Year | Responses | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | |||||
2016
|
2,475
|
2,410 |  13.9%
|
97.37% | 30 | 25.0%
|
1.21% | 15 |  50.0%
|
0.61% | 20 |  0.0%
|
0.81% | |||||
2011
|
2,870
|
2,800 | 9.8%
|
97.56% | 40 | 33.3%
|
1.39% | 10 | 0.0%
|
0.35% | 20 | 0.0%
|
0.70% | |||||
2006
|
2,640
|
2,550 | 10.1%
|
96.59% | 60 | 20.0%
|
2.27% | 10 | 0.0%
|
0.38% | 20 | 0.0%
|
0.76% | |||||
2001
|
2,915
|
2,835 | 7.8%
|
97.26% | 50 | 28.6%
|
1.72% | 10 | 33.3%
|
0.34% | 20 | 50.0%
|
0.69% | |||||
1996
|
3,200
|
3,075 | n/a | 98.75% | 70 | n/a | 0.69% | 15 | n/a | 0.33% | 40 | n/a | 0.23% | |||||
Economy
edit
The local economy is entirely dependent on the Mont Wright and Fire Lake mines owned by ArcelorMittal.[22] Over 80% of municipal revenues come from mining operations.[1]
Average earnings for full-time workers was $63,982 in 2001, compared to $39,217 in Quebec as a whole.[23] This went up to $70,102 in 2006, whereas the provincial average dropped to $37,722.[24]
The mine product is shipped to Port-Cartier on the Cartier Railway where it is converted to pellets. In 2006 the mine was affected by a labour dispute which lasted from early April to early June. It was amicably resolved with a six-year contract renewal.[25]
Because of the town's disproportionately high number of (relatively prosperous) men compared to women and the few entertainment options in Fermont's climate, the adult entertainment industry is extremely lucrative in Fermont, and strippers can make a substantial amount of money for their profession.[26]
Local government
editThe city council is composed of a mayor and six city councillors. As of October 2020[update] the mayor is Martin St-Laurent, and the councillors are Bernard Dupont, Danny Bouchard, Cindy Vignola, Marco Ouellet, Daniel Bergeron, and Shannon Power.[27]
List of former mayors:
- Robin Bélanger (...–2003)
- Lise Pelletier (2003–2013)
- Martin St-Laurent (2014–present)
Transportation
editThe Trans-Quebec–Labrador Route (route 389 on the Quebec side and route 500 on the Labrador side) is the only road access. Route 389 begins in Baie-Comeau and goes north along the Manicouagan Reservoir.
The town is accessible by scheduled passenger airline service via the Wabush Airport located in Labrador West.
The Cartier Railway connects Port-Cartier to the Mont-Wright mine, but it is only used for transporting iron ore concentrate and bulk equipment. The train no longer carries passengers.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Fermont (Ville)" (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
- ^ a b "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 97035". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ a b c "Fermont (Code 2497035) Census Profile". 2021 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ a b "Fermont, Quebec [Population centre] Census Profile". 2021 Census of Population. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
- ^ The Canadian Press (2017), The Canadian Press Stylebook (18th ed.), Toronto: The Canadian Press
- ^ "The Windscreen (from Caniapiscau)". Archived from the original on 2006-04-21. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
- ^ "Mur-écran - Mcr de Caniapiscau". Archived from the original on 2022-02-19. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
- ^ "Portrait de Fermont - Histoire" (in French). CLD de la MRC de Caniapiscau. Archived from the original on 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
- ^ Delecroix, Sébastien (April 26, 2020). "The Wall, la série qui fait froid dans le dos arrive sur 13ème Rue" [The Wall, the Chilling Series Arrives on 13th Street]. actus.sfr.fr (in French). Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
- ^ Portrait diagnostique de la problématique 2015, p. 9.
- ^ Luce, Ibrahim & Bourdon 2011, p. 18.
- ^ Luce, Ibrahim & Bourdon 2011, p. 6.
- ^ La santé du lac Carheil inquiète les spécialistes.
- ^ "Fermont, Quebec". Quebec Climate Normals 1981–2010 (in French). Ministère de l’Environnement Québec. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ "Fermont, Quebec". Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 (in English and French). Environment Canada. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
- ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
- ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
- ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
- ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
- ^ a b 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 census
- ^ "Socio-economic profile CÔTE-NORD". Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
- ^ "Statistics Canada Community Profile". Retrieved 2006-06-24.
- ^ Statistics Canada 2006 Census - Fermont community profile Archived 2012-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Cartier Mining press release". Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
- ^ Sunderland, Mitchell (January 3, 2015). Life as a Stripper in a Subarctic Indoor Mining Town Archived 2016-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. Vice Media, LLC. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
- ^ "Conseil municipal - Municipalité de Fermont". www.villedefermont.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
Sources
edit- La santé du lac Carheil inquiète les spécialistes (in French), Radio-Canada, 29 April 2011, archived from the original on 2019-09-22, retrieved 2019-09-22
- Luce, Myriam; Ibrahim, Ghassen; Bourdon, Philippe (November 2011), Cyanobactéries aux lacs Davioult, Sans Nom et Carheil (PDF) (Étude partielle) (in French), OBV Duplessis, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-10, retrieved 2019-09-22
- Portrait diagnostique de la problématique des cyanobactéries - bassin versant du lac Carheil (PDF) (in French), OBV Duplessis, April 2015, archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-10, retrieved 2019-09-22
External links
edit
- City of Fermont official site (in French)
- Official tourism site
- Map
- Additional photos
- Original site plan by Norbert Schoenauer
- Preparatory drawings and photographs during the development phase (Schoenauer papers at McGill).
- Documentary about innovative community design which features Fermont as an example
- Mur-Écran, The Windscreen on the CBC's Ideas.
