Wikipedia

Fallen Astronaut

Further information: Space art § Art in space
Not to be confused with The Falling Astronauts.

Fallen Astronaut is a 3.5-inch (8.9 cm) aluminum sculpture created by Belgian artist Paul Van Hoeydonck.[1] It is a stylized figure of an astronaut in a spacesuit, intended to commemorate the astronauts and cosmonauts who have died in the advancement of space exploration. It was commissioned and placed on the Moon by the crew of Apollo 15 at Hadley Rille on August 2, 1971, UTC, next to a plaque listing 14 names of those who had died up to that time.[2] The statue lies on the ground among several footprints.

Fallen Astronaut
Fallen Astronaut statue and a name plaque on the surface of the Moon
ArtistPaul Van Hoeydonck
Year1971 (1971)
MediumAluminum
Dimensions8.9 cm (3.5[1] in)
LocationMoon, Hadley Rille
Coordinates26°07′56″N 3°38′02″E / 26.13222°N 3.63386°E / 26.13222; 3.63386

The crew kept the memorial's existence a secret until after completing their mission. After public disclosure, the National Air and Space Museum requested a replica of the statue. Controversy soon followed as Van Hoeydonck claimed a different understanding of the agreement with the astronauts and attempted to sell up to 950 copies of the figure. He finally relented under pressure from NASA, which had a strict policy against commercial exploitation of the US government space program.

Commission

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Portrait of Van Hoeydonck by Willy Bosschem

Before his Apollo 15 lunar mission, astronaut David Scott met Belgian painter and printmaker Paul Van Hoeydonck at a dinner party. They agreed that Van Hoeydonck would create a small statuette for Scott to place on the Moon, though their recollections of the details differ. Scott's purpose was to commemorate those astronauts and cosmonauts who had died in the furtherance of space exploration. He designed and separately made a plaque listing 14 American and Soviet names. Van Hoeydonck was given a set of design specifications: the sculpture was to be lightweight but sturdy, capable of withstanding the temperature extremes of the Moon; it could not be identifiably male or female, nor of any identifiable ethnic group. According to Scott, it was agreed Van Hoeydonck's name would not be made public to avoid the commercial exploitation of the US government's space program.[1] Scott got permission from top NASA management before the mission to take the statue aboard his spacecraft. Still, he only disclosed it publicly in a post-mission press conference.[1]

Van Hoeydonck gives a different account of the agreement: according to an interview in the Belgian newspaper Le Soir, the statue was supposed to represent all mankind, not only fallen astronauts or cosmonauts. He claimed he did not know the statue would be used as a memorial for the fallen space-goers, and the name given to the work was neither chosen nor approved by him; he had intended the figure to be left standing upright. He also denies it was agreed he would remain anonymous.[1][3] Both his and Scott's versions of events are given in an article in Slate magazine in 2013.[1] In 2021, Scott wrote a document entitled "Memorandum for the Record", however, in which he stated that the figurine left on the Moon was designed and fabricated by NASA personnel, with the design based on stick figures used as location symbols of bathrooms.[4]

Placement on the Moon

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Astronaut David Scott secretly placed the Fallen Astronaut statue on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission, near the completion of his work on August 2, 1971, along with a plaque bearing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts who had died in service:

Astronauts and cosmonauts named on the Fallen Astronaut plaque[5]
Name Date Cause
Theodore C. Freeman October 31, 1964 Aircraft accident
Charles A. Bassett II February 28, 1966 Aircraft accident
Elliot M. See Jr.
Virgil I. Grissom January 27, 1967 Apollo 1 fire
Roger B. Chaffee
Edward H. White II
Vladimir M. Komarov April 24, 1967 Soyuz 1 re-entry parachute failure
Edward G. Givens Jr. June 6, 1967 Automobile accident
Clifton C. Williams Jr. October 5, 1967 Aircraft accident
Yuri A. Gagarin March 27, 1968 Aircraft accident
Pavel I. Belyayev January 10, 1970 Illness
Georgiy T. Dobrovolsky June 30, 1971 Soyuz 11 re-entry
pressurization failure
Viktor I. Patsayev
Vladislav N. Volkov

Scott photographed the memorial but waited for a post-mission press conference to disclose its existence. He noted, "Sadly, two names are missing, those of Valentin Bondarenko and Grigori Nelyubov."[6] He explained that the Western world was unaware of their deaths because of the secrecy surrounding the Soviet space program at the time. Also missing was Robert Henry Lawrence Jr., the first black astronaut and a U.S. Air Force officer selected for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program who was killed in a training accident in 1967.[7]

Controversy

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Query from Jan Stalmans to Van Hoeydonck about the number of outstanding replicas, with handwritten reply

During their press conference, the crew disclosed the statuette's existence and the National Air and Space Museum requested that a replica be made for public display. The crew agreed that it be displayed "with good taste and without publicity". They gave the replica to the Smithsonian Institution on April 17, 1972, the day after CBS anchorman Walter Cronkite referred to the Fallen Astronaut and plaque as the first art installation on the Moon during the broadcast of the Apollo 16 launch.[8]

In May 1972, Scott learned that Van Hoeydonck planned to make and sell more replicas. He believed this would violate the spirit of their agreement and of NASA's policy against commercial exploitation of the space program, and he tried to persuade Van Hoeydonck to refrain. Van Hoeydonck placed a full-page advertisement in the July 1972 issue of Art in America magazine[9][10] offering 950 replicas of Fallen Astronaut signed by the sculptor, sold by the Waddell Gallery of New York for $750 each,[11] a second edition at a lower, unspecified price, and a catalog edition at $5.[12] Van Hoeydonck retracted his permission for the replicas after receiving complaints from NASA, but not before one was sold. Using a box numbered 200/950 and prepared for the limited edition, a sample figure was sold to a Morgan Stanley investment banker who collected space artifacts and works of art. Van Hoeydonck verified the sale following an investigation that began in 2015 when the piece surfaced on eBay. It was bought by a collector living in the UK.[13]

On September 11, 2007, art journalist Jan Stalmans asked Van Hoeydonck how many replicas existed. Van Hoeydonck returned a handwritten response on the letter that 50 copies had been made, most of which were still in his possession unsigned.[1]

Replicas

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In January 2019, Van Hoeydonck and Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Al Worden announced the sale of a limited edition replica inside a blue acrylic block, as Van Hoeydonck originally intended, which would have allowed the statue to be placed upright on the Moon to "symbolize humanity rising" via space travel. NASA had rejected the acrylic enclosure's inclusion on the flight as a fire hazard. A smaller number of enlarged sculptures are also to be sold.[14]

See also

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References

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Specific
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Powell & Shapiro 2013
  2. ^ "Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  3. ^ Le Soir & 17 July 2009, p. 19
  4. ^ Scott, David R. (September 3, 2021). "Memorandum for the Record" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  5. ^ "2 Added Moonshots Called for by Scott". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Associated Press. August 13, 1971. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ Leonov & Scott 2013, p. 313
  7. ^ Oberg, James (February 23, 2005). "The Unsung Astronaut". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  8. ^ "Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut". si.edu. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  9. ^ Haugland, Vern (July 22, 1972). "Space Agency Deplores Sale Of High-Price Moon Statues". The San Bernardino Sun. Vol. 26, no. 30. Associated Press. pp. 1–2 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
  10. ^ Check-Six.com – Fallen Astronaut – includes copy of July 1972 Art in America ad
  11. ^ "NASA News Release 72-189". Collectspace.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  12. ^ Wieck, Paul (July 25, 1972). "Anderson Will Probe Unauthorized Sales". Albuquerque Journal. p. 16.
  13. ^ Van den Bussche 1980, pp. 16–17
  14. ^ Corneille, Philip (February 1, 2019). "'Fallen Astronaut' artist offers original idea 'Man in Space' statuettes". collectSPACE. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
General
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