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Egyptian pound

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See also: Pound (currency)

The Egyptian pound (Egyptian Arabic: جنيه مصرى [ɡeˈneː ˈmɑsˤri, ˈɡeni-]; abbreviations: £,[3][4] E£,[5] £E,[6] LE,[7] or EGP in Latin, and ج.م. in Arabic, ISO code: EGP) is the official currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres, or qirsh (قرش [ʔerʃ]; plural قروش [ʔʊˈruːʃ];[8] abbreviation: PT (short for "piastre tarif")[9]) and was historically divided into 1,000 milliemes (مليم  [mælˈliːm]; French: millième, abbreviated to m or mill).

Egyptian pound
جنيه مصرى (Egyptian Arabic)
Obverse of a modern E£1 coinReverse of the E£200 banknote
ISO 4217
CodeEGP (numeric: 818)
Subunit0.01
Unit
Symbol£, E£, £E, LE, EGP, .ج.م‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100Piastre (قرش, "qirsh")
 1⁄1,000Millieme (مليم,‎ mallīm)
Milliemes are obsolete.
Banknotes
 Freq. used£5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200
 Rarely used25 PT, 50 PT, £1
Coins25 PT, 50 PT, £1
Demographics
Date of introduction1834; 190 years ago (1834)
ReplacedEgyptian piastre
Official user(s) Egypt
Unofficial user(s) Gaza Strip[1]
Issuance
Central bankCentral Bank of Egypt
 Websitewww.cbe.org.eg/en/
Valuation
Inflation27.130%[2] (2024)

The 10- and 20-pound notes are made out of polymer plastic paper as of July 6, 2022.

History

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At the beginning of the 19th century, Egypt and Turkey shared a common currency, the Ottoman piastre, divided into 40 paras. However, under Muhammad Ali, Egypt started to issue its own coinage, and in 1834, by which time Egypt was now nominally independent from Ottoman rule, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an exclusively Egyptian monetary system whereby Egypt went into a silver and gold bimetallic standard based on the Maria Theresa thaler rated at 20 piastres. The Maria Theresa thaler was a popular silver trade coin in the region around that time.[10] In the wake of this currency reform, Egypt minted a gold coin known as the bedidlik, equal to 100 piastres, and a silver rial coin of 20 piastres corresponding to the Maria Theresa Thaler. In 1839, a piastre contained 1.146 grams of silver, and meanwhile the British gold sovereign was rated at 97.5 piastres. While 100 Egyptian piastres and the bedidlik coin were referred to as a pound in the English speaking world, this was not the principle unit in the new Egyptian monetary system of 1834. Reference to an Egyptian pound unit of account appeared in 1884 on a E£50 promissory note signed by General Gordon at the Siege of Khartoum, but it wasn't until the next year in 1885 that this unit of account would become the official unit.

E£50 promissory note issued and hand-signed by Gen. Gordon during the Siege of Khartoum (26 April 1884)[11]

Meanwhile, back in 1840, despite Egypt's separate coinage, it was agreed under the Turkish-Egyptian treaty dated that same year, that the Turkish and Egyptian strikes should nevertheless maintain equal value. However, in 1844, the Ottoman piastre was devalued in conjunction with the creation of a new Ottoman lira unit, and Egypt didn't follow suit. Hence the Egyptian and Turkish units split from each other in value, with the Egyptian unit continuing its exchange value of 97.5 piastres to the pound sterling.

In 1885, Egypt went into a purely gold standard, and the Egyptian pound unit, known as the juneih, was introduced at E£1 = 7.4375 grammes of fine gold. This unit was chosen on the basis of the gold content in the British gold sovereign and maintaining the exchange value of 97.5 piastres to the pound sterling, and it replaced the Egyptian piastre (qersh) as the chief unit of currency. This reform resulted in the Maria Theresa Thaler being adjusted to 21 piastres, with 20 piastres now being rated at 5 French francs, and the foreign exchange rates were fixed by force of law for the important currencies which had become acceptable in the settlement of internal transactions. It wasn't however until 1899 that banknotes started to appear with the word "pounds" on them, written in English. Meanwhile, the piastre continued to circulate as 1⁄100 of a pound, the para was discontinued in 1909, and the piastre was divided into tenths (عشر القرش 'oshr el-qirsh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916.

 
The first E£1 banknote issued in 1899

Then, at the outbreak of World War I, with the gold specie standard being suspended in the UK, the Egyptian pound used a sterling peg of one pound and sixpence sterling to one Egyptian pound. Inverted, this gives E£0.975 for one pound sterling.

This exchange value of 97.5 piastres to the pound sterling continued until the early 1960s when Egypt devalued slightly and switched to a peg to the United States dollar, at a rate of E£1 = US$2.3.

The Egyptian pound was also used in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and 1956, and Cyrenaica when it was under British occupation and later an independent emirate between 1942 and 1951. It also circulated in Mandatory Palestine from 1918 to 1927, when the Palestine pound was introduced.

The Egyptian pound continued with its exchange rate of E£ = £1 0s 6d sterling up until the beginning of the 1960s.

 
The 1929 issue of E£1 banknote

Nomenclature

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Used for historical values or in vernacular speech

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Several unofficial popular names are used to refer to different denominations of Egyptian currency. These include (from the word nickel) nekla (نكلة) [ˈneklæ] for 2 milliemes, ta'rifa (تعريفة) [tæʕˈriːfæ] for 5 milliemes,

"nos franc" (نص فرانك) for 2 piastres, shelen (شلن) [ˈʃelen] (i.e. a shilling) for 5 piastres, bariza (بريزة) [bæˈriːzæ] for 10 piastres, and reyal (ريال) [reˈjæːl] ("real") for 20 piastres.

 
The 1914 issue of 5 milliemes, shelen

Since the piastre and millieme are no longer legal tender, the smallest denomination currently minted being the 25 PT coin (functioning as one-quarter of E£1), these terms have mostly fallen into disuse and survive as curios. A few have survived to refer to pound notes: bariza now refers to the E£10 note and reyal can be used in reference to the E£20 note.[citation needed]

Informal

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Different sums of the Egyptian pound have nicknames in vernacular speech, for example: E£1 bolbol (بلبل) "nightingale" or gondi (جندى) "soldier"; E£1,000 bako (باكو) [ˈbæːko] "pack"; E£1,000,000 arnab (أرنب) [ˈʔærnæb] "rabbit"; E£1,000,000,000 feel (فيل) [fiːl] "elephant".[citation needed]

Coins

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Between 1837 and 1900, copper 1 and 5 para*, silver 10 and 20 para, 1, 5, 10 and 20 piastre (pt), gold 5pt, 10pt. and 20pt and E£1 coins were introduced, with gold 50 PT coins issued in 1839.

Copper 10 para coins were introduced in 1853, although the silver coin continued to be issued. Copper 10 para coins were again introduced in 1862, followed by copper 4 para and 21⁄2 PT coins in 1863. Gold 25 PT coins were introduced in 1867.

In 1885, the para was replaced by the millieme in order to decimalise the currency and a new coinage was introduced. The issue consisted of bronze 1⁄4, 1⁄2, 1, 2 and 5 millieme (m), silver 1 PT, 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT and 20 PT coins. The gold coinage practically ceased, with only small numbers of 5 PT and 10 PT coins issued.

 
The 1938 issue of 1/2 Millieme

In 1916 and 1917, a new base metal coinage was introduced consisting of bronze 1⁄2m and holed, cupro-nickel 1m, 2m, 5m and 10m coins. Silver 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT and 20 PT coins continued to be issued, and a gold E£1 coin was reintroduced. Between 1922 and 1923, the gold coinage was extended to include 20 PT and 50 PT and E£1 and E£5 coins. In 1924, bronze replaced cupro-nickel in the 1m coin and the holes were removed from the other cupro-nickel coins. In 1938, bronze 5m and 10m coins were introduced, followed in 1944 by silver, hexagonal 2 PT coins.

Between 1954 and 1956, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of aluminium-bronze 1m, 5m and 10m and silver 5 PT, 10 PT and 20 PT coins, with the size of the silver coinage significantly reduced. An aluminium-bronze 2m coin was introduced in 1962. In 1967 the silver coinage was abandoned and cupro-nickel 5 and 10 piastre coins were introduced.

Aluminium replaced aluminium-bronze in the 1m, 5m and 10m coins in 1972, followed by brass in the 5m and 10m coins in 1973. Aluminium-bronze 2 PT and cupro-nickel 20 PT coins were introduced in 1980, followed by aluminium-bronze 1 PT and 5 PT coins in 1984. In 1992, brass 5 and 10 piastre coins were introduced, followed by holed, cupro-nickel 25 piastre coins in 1993. The size of 5 PT coins was reduced in 2004, 10 PT and 25 PT coins - in 2008.

On 1 June 2006, 50 PT and E£1 coins dated 2005 were introduced, and its equivalent banknotes were temporarily phased out from circulation in 2010. The coins bear the face of Cleopatra VII and Tutankhamun's mask, and the E£1 coin is bimetallic. The size and composition of 50 PT coins was reduced in 2007.

 
A contemporary E£1 coin in 2010.
Coins in circulation[12][13]
Value Debut Image Specifications Description
Obverse Reverse Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm) Mass (g) Composition Obverse Reverse
5 PT** 1984     23 1.2 4.9 Copper 95% Aluminium 5% 3 pyramids of Giza
1992 21 1.1 3.2 Copper 92%
Aluminium 8% 		Islamic pottery
2004–2008 17 1.04 2.4 Steel 94%
Nickel 2%
Copper plating 4%
10 PT** 1984 25 1.35 5.2 Copper 75% Nickel 25% Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1992     23 1.2 4.9 Copper 95% Aluminum 5%
2008 19 1.1 3.2 Steel 94%
Copper 2%
Nickel plating 4%
20 PT** 1984 27 1.4 6 Copper 75% Nickel 25%
1992   25 1.35 5.2 Copper 95%
Aluminium 5% 		Al-Azhar mosque
25 PT 1993** 1.4
2008-22 21 1.26 4.5 Steel 94%
Copper 2%
Nickel plating 4%
50 PT 2005     25 1.58 6.5 Copper 75%
Zinc 20%
Nickel 5%
2007-21 23 1.7 Steel 94%
Nickel 2%
Copper plating 4%
£1*** 2005     25 1.89 8.5 Bimetal Tutankhamun's mask
Ring Centre
Copper 75%
Nickel 25% 		Copper 75%
Zinc 20%
Nickel 5%
2007–2022 1.96 Steel 94%
Copper 2%
Nickel plating 4% 		Steel 94%
Nickel 2%
Copper plating 4%
* 1 para = 1⁄40 piastre.

** Not in circulation as of 2008.

*** As to commemorate the branching of the Suez canal, the obverse had the Arabic phrase, قناة السويس الجديدة "New Suez Canal".

Banknotes

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In 1899, the National Bank of Egypt introduced notes in denominations of 50 PT, £1, £5, £10, £50 and £100. Between 1916 and 1917, 25 PT notes were added, together with government currency notes for 5 PT and 10 PT issued by the Ministry of Finance.

In 1961, the Central Bank of Egypt took over from the National Bank and issued notes in denominations of 25 and 50 piastres, £1, £5, £10 and £20 notes were introduced in 1976, followed by £100 in 1978, £50 in 1993 and £200 in 2007.[14]

 
The 1967 issue of E£1 banknote

All Egyptian banknotes are bilingual, with Arabic texts and Eastern Arabic numerals on the obverse, and English texts and Western Arabic numerals on the reverse. Obverse designs tend to feature an Islamic building with reverse designs featuring Ancient Egyptian motifs (buildings, statues and inscriptions). During December 2006, it was mentioned in articles in Al Ahram and Al Akhbar newspapers that there were plans to introduce £200 and £500 notes. As of 2024, there are £200 notes circulating but there are still no plans for issuing £500 notes.[15] Starting from 2011 the 25 PT, 50 PT and £1 banknotes were phased out in favour of more extensive use of coins. However, as of June 2016 the National Bank of Egypt reintroduced the £1 banknote into circulation[16] as well as 25 PT and 50 PT notes in response to a shortage of small change.

The governor of the Central Bank of Egypt announced that the Central Bank of Egypt will issue polymer notes by the beginning of 2021. This change comes as the CBE moves its headquarters to the new administrative capital.[17] On July 31, 2021, the President of Egypt reviewed the notes of £10 and £20, to be issued in November 2021.[18] In August 2021, the Central Bank was forced to confirm that rainbow holograms on the new banknotes were a secure watermarking feature to prevent counterfeiting, after online critics suggested it was a covert message of support for LGBT rights.[19][20] Just nearly 2 years after the £10 note was released, the Central Bank of Egypt released the new £20 polymer banknote. The paper variants of the same denominations will continue to be legal tender.

Current series of the Egyptian pound
Image Value Dimensions (millimeters) Main color Description Year of first issue
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse
    25 PT 130 × 70 Blue Ayesha mosque Coat of arms of Egypt 1985
    50 PT 135 × 70 Brown/yellow-green Al-Azhar Mosque Ramesses II 1985
    £1 140 × 70 Beige Mosque and mausoleum of Qaitbay Abu Simbel temples 1978
    £5 145 × 70 Bluish-green Mosque of Ibn Tulun A Pharaonic engraving of Hapi (god of the annual flooding of the Nile) offering bounties. 1981
    £10 132 × 69 Orange Al-Fattah Al-Aleem Mosque Hatshepsut 2022
    £20 137 × 69 Mint Green Mosque of Muhammad Ali A Pharaonic war chariot and Queen Cleopatra 2023
    £50 160 × 70 Brownish-red Abu Hurayba Mosque

(Qijmas al-Ishaqi Mosque)

Temple of Edfu 1993
    £100 165 × 70 Cyan Sultan Hassan Mosque Great Sphinx of Giza 1994
    £200 165 × 72 Olive Mosque of Qani-Bay The Seated Scribe 2007

Historical and current exchange rates

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Sterling

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This table shows the value of 1 pound sterling in Egyptian pounds:

Date Official rate
1885 to 1949 E£0.975
2008 E£10.0775
2009 E£8.50
2012 E£9.68
2014 E£11.97 to E£12.03
2016 E£12.60 to E£21.21
2017 E£20.00
2020 E£20.00
2022 E£29.90 as of the end of the year
2023 E£39.31 as of November 29
2024 E£59.52

US dollar

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The historical value of one US dollar in Egyptian currency from 1789 to 2020. Figures prior to 1834, the year the pound was introduced, indicate multiples of 100 piastres

This table shows the historical value of US$1 in Egyptian currency (piastres prior to 1834, pounds thenceforth):

Date Official rate
1789 to 1799 E£0.03 (3 PT)
1800 to 1824 E£0.06 (6 PT)
1825 to 1884 E£0.14 (14 PT)
1885 to 1939 E£0.20
1940 to 1949 E£0.25
1950 to 1967 E£0.36
1968 to 1978 E£0.40
1979 to 1988 E£0.60
1989 E£0.83
1990 E£1.50
1991 E£3.00
1992 E£3.33
1993 to 1998 E£3.39
1999 E£3.40
2000 E£3.42 to E£3.75
2001 E£3.75 to E£4.50
2002 E£4.50 to E£4.62
2003 E£4.82 to E£6.25
2004 E£6.13 to E£6.28
2005 to 2006 E£5.75
2007 E£5.640 to E£5.50
2008 E£5.50 to E£5.29
2009 E£5.75
2010 E£5.80
2011 E£5.95
2012 E£6.36
2013 E£6.50 to E£6.96
2014 E£6.95 to E£7.15
2015 E£7.15 to E£11.00
2016 E£15.00 to E£18.00
2017 E£17.70 to E£17.83
2018 E£17.69 to E£17.89
2019 E£17.89 to E£15.99
2020 E£16.04 to E£15.79
2021 E£15.82 to E£15.71
2022 E£15.72 to E£24.70
2023 E£24.75 to E£30.95
parallel rate up to E£53
2024 E£47.46

See also

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Current EGP exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ILS JOD TRY
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ILS JOD TRY
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ILS JOD TRY
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD ILS JOD TRY

References

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  1. ^ Chami, Ralph; Espinoza, Raphael; Montiel, Peter J. (26 January 2021). Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885309-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  2. ^ "Inflation Rates". CBE. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  3. ^ "Statesman's Year-Book 1899 American Edition – page 178". en.wikisource.org. 1899. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  4. ^ "Inflation Rates". Central Bank of Egypt.
  5. ^ "Egyptian Pound (EGP): Definition as Currency of Egypt and Trade". Archived from the original on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  6. ^ "Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1899 American Edition.djvu/1478 - Wikisource, the free online library". Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  7. ^ "World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020 - page 135" (PDF). openknowledge.worldbank.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-02. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
  8. ^ Published by H. Plecher (2020-04-29). "• Egypt- Inflation rate 2021". Statista. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
  9. ^ "Statesman's Year-Book 1899 American Edition – page 178". en.wikisource.org. 1899. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
  10. ^ Markus A. Denzel (2010). Handbook of World Exchange Rates, 1590-1914. Ashgate Publishing. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-7546-0356-6. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2017-10-02. The piastre of 1839 contained 1.146 grammes of fine silver, the piastre of 1801 approximately 4.6 grammes of fine silver. The most important Egyptian coins, the bedidlik in gold (= 100 piastres; 7.487 grammes of fine gold) and the rial in silver (20 piastres; 23.294 grammes of fine silver)
  11. ^ Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money Specialized Issues (11 ed.). Krause. p. 1070. ISBN 978-1-4402-0450-0.
  12. ^ "Developments of Note Issue". 10 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  13. ^ "Coins from Egypt – Numista". Archived from the original on 2023-04-08. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  14. ^ "Nach Thund". Nachthund.biz. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  15. ^ ""المركزى": تراجع قيمة الجنيه لن يدفعنا لطرح ورقة نقدية من فئة 500 - اليوم السابع". Youm7.com. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  16. ^ "عودة الجنيه المصري الورقي اليوم بعد اختفائه أكثر من 5 سنوات". Archived from the original on 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  17. ^ "Egypt to roll out new plastic currency starting 2021: Amer". Amwal Al Ghad. 2020-09-12. Archived from the original on 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  18. ^ "ننشر أول صور للعملات البلاستيكية الجديدة فئة 10 و20 جنيها". صدى البلد (in Arabic). 2021-08-01. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  19. ^ Powys Maurice, Emily (3 August 2021). "Bank of Egypt forced to confirm new rainbow note isn't for LGBT rights after backlash". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  20. ^ "CBE confirms continued validity of all paper currencies". Egypt Independent. 3 August 2021. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

Bibliography

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