This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) |
Edith Bone (28 January 1889 – 14 February 1975), originally Edit Olga Hajós,[citation needed] was a medical professional, journalist and translator who later became a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.[1]
Early life
editBone was born in Hungary in 1889.[1] Hajós married Béla Balázs in 1913.[citation needed] After the First World War she joined the Bolshevik Party in Petrograd.[1] In 1918, she began editing the English version of the Communist International magazine and later became a courier for the parent organisation.[1] She lived in Berlin, Germany from 1923 to 1933, leaving for Britain when the Nazis took over.[1] She married Gerald Martin, a British translator, in February 1934.[2]
Bone learnt to speak six languages fluently.[3]
In July 1936, she and her friend and fellow communist, artist Felicia Browne, travelled to Spain to attend the international People's Olympiad, a protest event against the 1936 Olympics.[4] However the event was cancelled due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.[4][1] Browne would become the only British woman to play a combatant role, and one of the first of the British volunteers to die in that conflict in August 1936.[5]
Bone remained in Spain, working as a doctor[2] and as a journalist with Claud Cockburn, a correspondent for the Daily Worker. She was involved with the establishment of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) in Barcelona, Spain.[1]
She returned to Britain sometime before 1937 and worked for the magazine Lilliput where she was employed as a translator. She resigned briefly from the Communist movement before rejoining the British Communist Party in 1942.[1]
Imprisonment
editIn 1949, Bone was acting as a free-lance correspondent in Budapest, affiliated with the London Daily Worker.[1] When arriving in Hungary, she was accused of spying for the British government, arrested by the State Protection Authority (AVH) and detained in solitary confinement without a fair trial or a prisoner identification number for seven years.[1][3]
During her detention, Bone managed to avoid the mental instability or insanity that typically accompanies isolation. She developed a series of mental exercises, including reviews of geometry, the several languages she knew and vocabulary. She mentally reconstructed the plots of all of the books she had read, made a comprehensive list of all of the characters in Shakespeare and Dickens' works she could remember, and made letters out of the dense black bread she was fed; out of these she composed poetry.[1][3]
She launched what she called a series of "little wars" against her captors after realising they weren't going to use physical force on her and that she had no family to threaten.[1] This included a language strike in 1951, in which she refused to speak Hungarian but rather used all the other five languages she knew.[1] Her protests worked as in 1952, they allowed her access to books.[1] From these she learnt her seventh language, Greek.[1]
She put week-long efforts into removing a very large nail from the iron-hard oak door of her cell. To accomplish this, she slowly removed single threads from towels and wove them into a solid rope with which to work the nail. After weeks of straining effort to get the nail to begin to wiggle and then loosen, she finally got the nail out. She then sharpened it on the concrete floor and used at as a drill to create a small peephole in her cell door so she could finally see out of her cell.[citation needed]
She used these projects to keep her mind stimulated, to fill her time with goal-oriented actions, and to keep her sanity during her long period of extreme isolation.[1][3]
Bone was freed after 7 years, during the last days of the revolutionary Nagy Government in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[1] A student group had seized control of the Budapest political prison where Bone was held, and processed political prisoners for release.[2]
When she returned to Britain she gave interviews denouncing communism.[6] This was due to the feeling of betrayal she felt from being imprisoned by her fellow communists and the Daily Worker which had sent her there.[1] She died in 1975 in Richmond upon Thames, London.[7]
Publications
edit- Bone, Edith (December 1966). Seven Years Solitary. Cassirer. ISBN 9780851810829.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Newsinger, John (2018). "'2 2=5'". '2 2=5': Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, and the New Left. Pluto Press. pp. 143–146. doi:10.2307/j.ctt21kk1wk.11. ISBN 978-0-7453-9928-7. JSTOR j.ctt21kk1wk.11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b c "Edith Bone – Anti-Nazi Resistance". Retrieved 2023-02-19.
- ^ a b c d Leung, Wency (18 April 2017). "New book Solitude makes the case for being alone". The Globe and Mail. Phillip Crawley. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ a b Güner, Fisun (2016-07-20). "Felicia Browne: the only known British woman to die in the Spanish civil war". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
- ^ Buchanan, Tom (2005). "Browne, Felicia Mary (1904–1936), artist and political activist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92459. Retrieved 2023-02-19. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ London Dr Bone Released After 7 Years In Gaol (Interview). British Pathé. 1956. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ A Temze-parti Richmond 1965-ig London egyik elővárosa volt, 1965-ben vált londoni kerületté.
Further reading
edit- Bone, Edith (December 1966). Seven Years Solitary. Cassirer. ISBN 9780851810829.
- Bone, Edith. Hét év magánzárka Budapest: 2007.
- Harris, Michael (2017). Solitude: In Pursuit of a Singular Life in a Crowded World. Random House Books. ISBN 9781847947659.