Eliza Marian Butler (29 December 1885 – 13 November 1959),[1] was an English linguist, academic, and scholar of German who successively held two prestigious endowed professorships:[2] the Henry Simon Chair in German (1936–1944)[3] at University of Manchester; and the Schröder Professor of German at the University of Cambridge (from 1945). She was the first women ever appointed to either of these chairs.[2] Controversial when first published, and banned in Germany, her 1935 book The Tyranny of Greece over Germany, became a classic of German cultural analysis in the English-speaking world after the Second World War.[4] In addition to academic works, published as E. M. Butler and Elizabeth M. Butler, she published two novels and a memoir.
Early life
editEliza Butler, known as "Elsie", was born in Bardsea, Lancashire, to a family of Anglo-Irish ancestry.[5] She was educated by a Norwegian governess (from whom she learned German) and subsequently in Hannover from age 11, Paris from age 15, the school of domestic science at Reifenstein Abbey from age 18, and Newnham College, Cambridge from 21.[5] As a teenager, she watched Kaiser Wilhelm II inspect his troops. In the First World War she worked as an interpreter and nurse in Scottish units on the Russian and Macedonian fronts (she had learned Russian from Jane Harrison)[2] and treated the victims of the German assault.[4]
Career
editAfter working in hospitals, she taught at Cambridge and in 1936 became a professor at the University of Manchester.[6] Her works include a trilogy on ritual magic and the occult, especially in the Faust legend (1948–1952).[5]
In her 1935 work, The Tyranny of Greece over Germany,[2] she wrote that Germany has had "too much exposure to Ancient Greek literature and art. The result was that the German mind had succumbed to 'the tyranny of an ideal'. The German worship of Ancient Greece had emboldened the Nazis to remake Europe in their image."[4] It was controversial in Britain and its translation was banned in Germany.[5] Butler also wrote two novels. Her autobiography, Paper Boats, was published by William Collins, Sons in the year of her death.[5][1]
Butler was awarded an honorary doctorate (D. Litt.) from London University in 1957 and one from Oxford University in 1958.[1]
Legacy
editIn her research on German orientalism, the scholar Suzanne L. Marchand built upon Butler's German cultural critique; Marchand, too, emphasised the political overtones of Orientalistik ('Oriental studies') and Germany's philhellenism. Marchand is critical of Edward Said's view, expressed in his Orientalism, that German orientalism was not of the same pernicious quality as the orientalism of the colonial powers, France and Britain. Said's belief was that Germany historically had a mostly "classical" interest in the Orient. In contrast, Marchand agrees with Butler in concluding that the use of classical Greece by 18th- to the early-20th-century German nationalism was a factor in the rise of fascist ideology.[4][7]
Personal life
editButler had a long-term committed relationship with fellow-scholar Isaline Blew Horner. From 1926 until Butler's death, the two lived and travelled together.[2][8][9][10]
Butler died in London on 13 November 1959.[1]
Selected works
edit- The Saint-Simonian Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926)
- The Tempestuous Prince (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1929)
- Sheridan: A Ghost Story (London: Constable, 1931)
- The Tyranny of Greece Over Germany: A Study of the Influence Exercised by Greek Art and Poetry Over the Great German Writers of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 1935; reprinted 1958 Boston: Beacon; and 2012 Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107697646).
- Rainer Maria Rilke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; reprinted 1946 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
- The Myth of the Magus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947)
- Ritual Magic (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1949; reimpression 1998)
- Daylight in a Dream (London: The Hogarth Press, 1951)
- Silver Wings (London: The Hogarth Press, 1952)
- The Fortunes of Faust (Cambridge University Press, 1952)
- Heinrich Heine: a biography (Hogarth Press, 1956)
- Paper Boats (London: Collins, 1959), a volume of reminiscences[6]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d
- "Dr. E. M. Butler. Learning and letters". Obituaries. The Times. London. 14 November 1959.
- Included in:
- Roberts, Frank C., ed. (1979). "Dr. E. M. Butler". Obituaries from The Times, 1951-1960 – including an index to all obituaries and tributes appearing in the Times during the years 1951–1960. Reading, England: Meckler Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-930466-16-9.
- ^ a b c d e Watts, Sheila (2006), Newnham College (ed.), "Eliza Marian (Elsie) Butler (1885–1959)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 29 February 2008, retrieved 11 April 2024
- ^ Sagarra, Eda (October 1998). "The Centenary of the Henry Simon Chair of German at the University Of Manchester (1996): Commemorative Address". German Life and Letters. 51 (4): 509–524. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00114.
- ^ a b c d Meaney, Thomas (11 October 2012). "Half-Finished People". London Review of Books. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e
"The Professional Papers of Eliza 'Elsie' Marian Butler", Institute of Languages, Cultures and Societies (ILCS), School of Advanced Study – University of London, (Biographical note), archived from the original on 9 December 2023
- (Note: The ILCS was formerly the Institute of Modern Languages Research – IMLR)
- ^ a b Butler, E. M. (Eliza Marian) (1959). Paper boats. London: Collins. p. 112.
As it was, we both agreed that the experiment to give the 'real Germany' another chance had not been outstandingly successful; and it was under sombre auspices that I started professing German studies in Manchester that autumn.
- ^
- Marchand, Suzanne L. (1996). Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970. Princeton, NJ (US): Princeton University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-691-04393-7.
... while German orientalists, according to Edward Said, stand apart from French, English, and American colleagues because of their peculiarly nonpolitical, almost exclusively 'classical' interests.
- Citing:
- Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X.
There was nothing in Germany to correspond to the Anglo-French presence in India, the Levant, North Africa. Moreover, the German Orient was almost exclusively a scholarly, or at least a classical, Orient: it was made the subject of lyrics, fantasies, and even novels, but it was never actual, the way Egypt and Syria were actual for Chateaubriand, Lane, Lamartine, Burton, Disraeli, or Nerval.
- Marchand, Suzanne (2001). "German Orientalism and the Decline of the West". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 465–473. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 1558185.
- Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage; Random House. p. 19. ISBN 0-394-74067-X.
- Marchand, Suzanne L. (1996). Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970. Princeton, NJ (US): Princeton University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-691-04393-7.
- ^ "Collection of Isaline Blew Horner (1896–1981), Pali scholar". Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. University of Cambridge. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ Burford, Grace (2005), Newnham College (ed.), "Isaline B. Horner (1896–1981)", College History – Newnham Biographies, University of Cambridge, archived from the original on 27 April 2007, retrieved 11 April 2024
- ^ Boucher, Sandy (2007). "Appreciating the Lineage of Buddhist Feminist Scholars". Feminist theologies: Legacy and prospect. Minneapolis, US: Fortress Press. pp. 115–128. ISBN 978-0-8006-3894-8. p. 121:
It is demurely noted in the short biography provided by the University of Cambridge, where her papers are housed, that 'she lived with her companion Elsie Butler [from] 1926 [to] 1959'. While this clue could mean more than one thing, I am told by Professor Grace Burford ... that Elsie Butler was what we would now call Horner's 'partner', meaning that I. B. Horner was a lesbian living in a long-term committed relationship with another female scholar at the college.