Duhok (Kurdish: دهۆک, romanized: Dihok;[2][3] Arabic: دهوك, romanized: Dohūk;[4] Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Beth Nohadra,[5][6] Lishanid Noshan: דוהוך, romanized: Dohok[7]) is a city in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is the capital city of Duhok Governorate.
Duhok
Dihok (Kurdish) | |
|---|---|
    Top-bottom, R-L: View over Dohuk American University of Kurdistan, Dohuk • Sharansh Waterfall Dohuk at night • Assyrian Mar Narsai Church | |
  Duhok | |
| Coordinates: 36°52′N 43°0′E / 36.867°N 43.000°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Region | Kurdistan Region |
| Governorate | Duhok Governorate |
| District | Duhok District |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Ali Tatar |
| Elevation | 1,854 ft (565 m) |
| Population | |
• Estimate (2018)[1] | 340,871 |
| Time zone | UTC 3 (Arabian Standard Time) |
| Postcode | 42001 |
| Area code | 062 |
| Website | duhok |
Name
editThe city of Duhok received its name from the Kurdish word ’du’ (two) and ’hok’ (lump) as a tax payment of two lumps from the basket of each passing caravan that often carry wheat and barley.[8] According to a tradition presented by Sasson Nahum, Dohuk was initially named Dohuk-e Dasinya, signifying "Dohuk of the Yezidis". However, after a massacre of the Yezidis, the town was abandoned, leading to the settlement of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the area.[9]
Demographics
editThe city is home to diverse ethnic groups, including Kurds who are the majority, while other minorities include Assyrians, Yazidis and Arabs.[10] The city also hosts tens of thousands of refugees from Syria, mostly Syrian Kurds, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), most of whom are Yazidis and Assyrians who fled after ISIS took control of Mosul, Iraq.[11][12]
According to the Kurdistan Regional Government, as of March 2024, the Kurdistan Region hosts 631,174 IDPs, with 40% of them living in Duhok Governorate. Additionally, there are 251,475 Syrian refugees, of which 131,000 reside in Duhok Governorate.[13]
History
editThe city of Duhok has an ancient Assyrian and Hurrian history attached to it from the time of the Middle Assyrian Empire and Urartu and was originally Assyrian inhabited and called Nuhadra.[8]
The city joined the Kurdish principality of Badinan sometime in the 13th or 14th centuries under the foundation of the Kurdish Hakkari tribe. As observed by Evliya Celebi in Seyahatnâme (Book of Travels), the principality was divided into: Akre, Zaxo, Shixoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri.[14]
Ottoman period
editIn 1820, Rich described Duhok as a small town comprising 300 houses, serving as the principal site for the Doski tribe, accompanied by eighty additional villages. The missionary Henry Aaron Stern (1851) observed Dohuk's diverse population, which included Jewish residents. Stern further noted that the kiahya, or village mayor, was an Assyrian of Chaldean Catholic affiliation. By 1859, Rabbi Yehiel found two minyans of Jews in the area. The Muslim and Assyrian Christian communities comprised around a hundred households.[9]
In 1929, the settled population reached approximately 3,500 inhabitants, with Kurds forming the majority. Among the 550 households, 65 were Assyrian Christian, and 30 were Jewish.[9]
Modern times
editThe University of Duhok was founded on 31 October 1992.[15]
Archaeology
editIn 2020, researchers discovered in the Balyuz hills, ten kilometers west of Duhok City, an ancient tablet with Greek inscription which dates back to 165 B.C. The inscriptions refer to Demetrius, the region's ruler during that time.[16]
Seven kilometers southwest of Duhok, Halamata Cave is an archaeological site containing the Assyrian relief carvings known as the Maltai Reliefs, associated with the northern canal system built by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (r. 704–681 BCE) to carry water to his capital city of Nineveh".[17]
Climate
editAccording to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, Duhok, like most of Upper Mesopotamia, has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) featuring sweltering, virtually rainless summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Precipitation falls in the cooler months, being heaviest in late winter and early spring. The city can get around two or three snowy days yearly, with more severe falls in the uplands. Summers are virtually rainless, with rain returning in late autumn.
| Climate data for Duhok, Iraq | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20 (68) |
27 (81) |
30 (86) |
34 (93) |
38 (100) |
41 (106) |
45 (113) |
46 (115) |
44 (111) |
39 (102) |
31 (88) |
24 (75) |
46 (115) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11 (52) |
14 (57) |
19 (66) |
24 (75) |
32 (90) |
38 (100) |
42 (108) |
41 (106) |
37 (99) |
29 (84) |
20 (68) |
13 (55) |
27 (80) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7 (45) |
10 (50) |
14 (57) |
18 (64) |
25 (77) |
31 (88) |
34 (93) |
34 (93) |
29 (84) |
22 (72) |
14 (57) |
9 (48) |
21 (69) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3 (37) |
5 (41) |
9 (48) |
13 (55) |
18 (64) |
23 (73) |
27 (81) |
26 (79) |
21 (70) |
15 (59) |
8 (46) |
6 (43) |
15 (58) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −4 (25) |
−6 (21) |
−1 (30) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
11 (52) |
4 (39) |
−2 (28) |
−2 (28) |
−6 (21) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 92.2 (3.63) |
99.3 (3.91) |
105 (4.1) |
96.4 (3.80) |
44.3 (1.74) |
4.9 (0.19) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.1 (0.08) |
36 (1.4) |
68.9 (2.71) |
95.8 (3.77) |
645.1 (25.33) |
| Average precipitation days | 13.1 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 12 | 7.6 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 8 | 10.2 | 93.2 |
| Average snowy days | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.4 | 69.4 | 64.5 | 60.2 | 46 | 30.5 | 25.8 | 26.7 | 30.6 | 46.8 | 62.9 | 72.9 | 50.7 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
| Percent possible sunshine | 50.1 | 53.2 | 56.4 | 57.8 | 70.2 | 89.8 | 95.2 | 94.4 | 90.5 | 71.8 | 59.5 | 50.1 | 69.9 |
| Source 1: My Forecast[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weatherbase (precipitation-precip days-humidity-dew point-sun)[19] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Iraq: Governorates & Cities".
- ^ "K24 rêjeya dengdanê li navçeyên cuda yên Herêma Kurdistan belav kir". Kurdistan24 (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ "كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ قناة التغيير. "دهوك تغرق بالفيضانات والدفاع المدني يحذر المواطنين الخروج من منازلهم - نشرة أخبار الثالثة" (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Kadr, Salahden Ghareb (2010). Klimatische Optimierung von verdichteten Wohnhäusern in Irakisch-Kurdistan (in German). Univerlagtuberlin. ISBN 978-3-7983-2238-7.
- ^ "Duhok". Retrieved Oct 6, 2020.
- ^ Jared Greenblatt (2011). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amәdya. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-18257-8.
- ^ a b "Duhok City". dhk-pti.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
- ^ a b c Zaken, M. (2007-01-01), "Chapter Three. Dohuk", Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan, Brill, pp. 79–96, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004161900.i-376.24, ISBN 978-90-474-2212-9, retrieved 2023-10-10
- ^ "Life in Duhok". The American University of Kurdistan.
- ^ "International aid for IDPs and refugees in Duhok decreasing". Kurdistan 24. 2022-06-24.
- ^ Khalel, Sheren; Vickery, Matthew (27 October 2014). "The Forgotten Yazidis". Foreign Policy Magazine.
- ^ "Kurdistan Region: A Beacon of Hope for Displaced Persons and Refugees". Government of Kurdistan Region. 2024-03-03.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "University of Duhok (UoD)". Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ Researchers in Kurdistan's Duhok find artifact over 2,000 years old
- ^ "Maltai Rock Reliefs | Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments". mcid.mcah.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ^ "Dahuk, Iraq Climate". My Forecast. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
- ^ "Dahuk, Iraq travel weather averages". CantyMedia. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
External links
edit
Media related to Dohuk at Wikimedia Commons- Iraq Image – Dahuk Satellite Observation Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
