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Djémila

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This article is about the village in Algeria. For the female given name, see Jamila.

Djémila (Arabic: جميلة, romanized: Ǧamīlah, lit. 'Beautiful (one)'), formerly Cuicul, is a small mountain village in Algeria, near the northern coast east of Algiers, where some of the best preserved Roman ruins in North Africa are found. It is situated in the region bordering the Constantinois and Petite Kabylie (Basse Kabylie).

Djémila
Roman Theatre of Djémila
Djémila is located in Algeria
Djémila
Shown within Algeria
Alternative nameCuicul
LocationSétif Province, Algeria
Coordinates36°19′N 5°44′E / 36.317°N 5.733°E / 36.317; 5.733
TypeSettlement
History
Founded1st century AD
Abandoned6th century AD
PeriodsRoman Empire
Official nameCuicul-Djémila
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, iv
Designated1982 (6th session)
Reference no.191
RegionArab States
The Historical Market

In 1982, Djémila became a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique adaptation of Roman architecture to a mountain environment. Significant buildings in ancient Cuicul include a theatre, two fora, temples, basilicas, arches, streets, and houses. The exceptionally well preserved ruins surround the forum of the Harsh, a large paved square with an entry marked by a majestic arch.

Roman Cuicul

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Under the name of Cuicul, the city was built 900 metres (3,000 ft) above sea level during the 1st century AD as a Roman military garrison situated on a narrow triangular plateau in the province of Numidia. The terrain is somewhat rugged, being located at the confluence of two rivers.

 
Cuicul on the map of Numidia, just south of Milevium and Cirta.Atlas Antiquus, H. Kiepert, 1869

Cuicul's builders followed a standard plan with a forum at the center and two main streets, the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, composing the major axes.[1] The city was initially populated by a colony of Roman soldiers from Italy, and eventually grew to become a large trading market. The resources that contributed to the prosperity of the city were essentially agricultural (cereals, olive trees and farm).

During the reign of Caracalla in the 3rd century, Cuicul's administrators took down some of the old ramparts and constructed a new forum. They surrounded it with larger and more impressive edifices than those that bordered the old forum. The terrain hindered building, so that they built the theatre outside the town walls, which was exceptional.

In late antiquity, Cuicul was situated within the Roman province of Mauretania Sitifensis, and had an estimated population of around 10,000.[2] Christianity became very popular in the 4th century (after some persecutions in the early third century[3]), and by the fifth century, an ecclesiastical quarter was built, including three basilicas, a baptistery, auxiliary rooms, a bath, and a peristyle house.[2] These structures are located to the south of Cuicul in a quarter called "Christian", and are popular attractions.[1]

Of the bishops of Cuicul, Pudentianus took part in the Council of Carthage (255) concerning the validity of heretical baptism, and Elpidophorus in the Council of Carthage (348). Cresconius was the Catholic bishop who represented Cuicul at the Council of Carthage (411) between Catholic and Donatist bishops; the Donatist bishop of the town died before the conference began. Crescens was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484. Victor was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.[4][5][6][7] No longer a residential bishopric, Cuicul is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[8]

The city was slowly abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire around the 5th century and 6th century. There were some improvements under emperor Justinian I, with wall reinforcements.

Muslims later dominated the region, but did not reoccupy the site of Cuicul, which they renamed Djémila ("beautiful" in Arabic).

3D documentation

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The spatial documentation of Djémila took place during two Zamani Project field campaigns in 2009,[9] which were undertaken in co-operation with Prof Hamza Zeghlache and his team from the University of Setif, Algeria, as well as the South African National Research Foundation (NRF). Several structures were documented, including the Baptistry,[10] the Caracalla Gate, the Market, the Septimius-servus Temple and the Theatre.

Notable residents

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Several significant Romanized Africans were born in Cuicul:[11]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Djemila, Morocco, Algeria, & Tunisia, Geoff Crowther and Hugh Finlay, Lonely Planet, 2nd Edition, April 1992, pp. 298 - 299.
  2. ^ a b Jacobs, Ine (2015-01-01), "Holy Goals and Worldly Means. Urban Representation Elements in Church Complexes", Religious Practices and Christianization of the Late Antique City (4th–7th cent.), Brill, p. 76, doi:10.1163/9789004299047_005, ISBN 978-90-04-29904-7, retrieved 2024-09-12
  3. ^ Christian persecutions in Cuicul
  4. ^ A. Berthier, v. Cuicul, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1095–1097
  5. ^ H. Jaubert, Anciens évêchés et ruines chrétiennes de la Numidie et de la Sitifienne, in Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Constantine, vol. 46, 1913, pp. 32-33 (nº 46)
  6. ^ J. Mesnage L'Afrique chrétienne, Paris 1912, pp. 283-284
  7. ^ Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, Brescia 1816, p. 147
  8. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 877
  9. ^ "Site - Djemila". zamaniproject.org. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  10. ^ "3D Heritage Models, with a Twist". SPAR 3D. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  11. ^ Anthony R. Birley, Septimius Severus, the African Emperor, Éd. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16591-1
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