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In grammar, denominal verbs are verbs derived from nouns.[1] Many languages have regular morphological indicators to create denominal verbs.
English
editEnglish examples are to school, from school, meaning to instruct; to shelve, from shelf, meaning to put on shelves; and to symbolize, from symbol, meaning to be a symbol for.
Some common denominalizing affixes in English are -ize/-ise (e.g., summarize), -ify (e.g., classify), -ate (e.g., granulate), en- (e.g., enslave), be- (e.g., behead), and zero or -∅ (e.g., school).[2]
A variety of semantic relations are expressed between the base noun X and the derived verb. Although there is no simple relationship between the affix and the semantic relation,[2] there are semantic regularities that can define certain subclasses. [3] Such subclasses include:[1][4][5]
- resultative: to make something into an X, e.g., victimize, cash
- locative: to put something in X, e.g., box, hospitalize
- instrumental: to use X, e.g., sponge, hammer
- ablative: to remove something from X, e.g., deplane, unsaddle
- privative: to remove X from something, e.g., pit (olives), behead, bone, defrost
- ornative: to add X to something or to cover something with X, e.g., rubberize, salt
- similative: to act like or resemble X, e.g., tyrannize, guard
- performative: to do or perform X, e.g., botanize, tango
Rgyalrong
editIn Rgyalrong languages, denominal derivations are extremely developed and have given rise to incorporating and antipassive constructions.[6][7]
Latin
editMany Latin verbs are denominal.[8] For example, the first conjugation verb nominare (to name) is derived from nomen (a name),[8] and the fourth conjugation verb mollire (to soften) derives from the adjective mollis (soft).[9]
Hebrew
editDenominal verb derivation is highly productive in Hebrew. They are derived from denominal roots and mostly get a set of pi'el, pu'al and hitpa'el binyans, but can accept others as well. Only active pi'el binyan is shown here:
- מַחְשֵׁב (makhshev - computer) -> מִחְשֵׁב (mikhshev - computerize);
- סִפְרָתִי/סִפְרָה (sifra/sifrati - digit/digital) -> סִפְרֵת (sifret - digitize);
- תַּמְצִית (tamtzit - extract, summary) -> תִּמְצֵת (timtzet - summarize);
- מַפָּה (mapa - map) -> מַפָּה (mipa - map).
Some roots derive verbs from more than one binyan set:
- מָקוֹם (makom - place) -> מִקֵּם (mikem - place, locate), הִמְקִים (himkim - localize).
See also
edit- Deverbal noun, where the noun is formed from the verb.
References
edit- ^ a b Clark, Eve V.; Clark, Herbert H. (December 1979). "When Nouns Surface as Verbs". Language. 55 (4): 767–811. doi:10.2307/412745. JSTOR 412745.
- ^ a b Carolyn A. Gottfurcht, Denominal Verb Formation in English, Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 2008 full text
- ^ Rimell, Laura D. (2012). Nominal Roots as Event Predicates in English Denominal Conversion Verbs.
- ^ Kastovsky, Dieter (1973). "Causatives". Foundations of Language. 10 (2): 255–315. ISSN 0015-900X. JSTOR 25000716.
- ^ Plag, Ingo (1999). Morphological Productivity: Structural Constraints in English Derivation. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110802863. ISBN 978-3-11-080286-3. S2CID 260644701.
- ^ Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "From denominal derivation to incorporation". Lingua. 122 (11): 1207–1231. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.010. ISSN 0024-3841.
- ^ Jacques, Guillaume (2014). "Denominal affixes as sources of antipassive markers in Japhug Rgyalrong". Lingua. 138: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.011. ISSN 0024-3841.
- ^ a b Moreland, Floyd L.; Fleischer, Rita M. (1990). Latin: An Intensive Course. London, England: University of California Press. p. 29. ISBN 0520031830.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004). "13.13". Indo-European Languages and Culture. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-0315-2.
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