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de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo

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The de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo is a short takeoff and landing (STOL) utility transport turboprop aircraft developed from the earlier piston-powered DHC-4 Caribou. The aircraft has extraordinary STOL performance and is able to take off in distances much shorter than even most light aircraft can manage.

DHC-5 Buffalo
A CC-115 Buffalo of 442 Transport & Rescue Squadron at Rockcliffe Airport in Ottawa, 2004
General information
TypeUtility aircraft
Manufacturerde Havilland Canada
StatusIn limited use
Primary userRoyal Canadian Air Force
Number built122
History
Manufactured1965–1972, 1974–1986
Introduction date1965
First flight9 April 1964
Developed fromDe Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou

Design and development

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The Buffalo arose from a 1962 United States Army requirement for a STOL transport capable of carrying the same payload as the CH-47A Chinook helicopter.[1] De Havilland Canada based its design to meet the requirement on an enlarged version of its DHC-4 Caribou, already in large-scale service with the United States Army, to be powered by General Electric T64 turboprops rather than the Pratt & Whitney R-2000 piston engines of the Caribou. (It had already flown a T64-powered Caribou on 22 September 1961).[1]

 
An Egyptian Air Force DHC-5D

De Havilland's design, the DHC-5 Buffalo, was chosen as the winner of the United States Army competition in early 1963, with four DHC-5s, designated YAC-2 (later CV-7A and subsequently C-8A) ordered.[2] The first of these aircraft made its maiden flight on 9 April 1964.[3] All four aircraft were delivered in 1965, the Buffalo carrying nearly twice the payload as the Caribou while having better STOL performance. The prototype CV-7A was exhibited by the manufacturer at the 1965 Paris Air Show wearing US Army markings. No further US orders followed, however, as at the start of 1967 (See the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966), inter-service politics led to large fixed-wing transports being transferred to the United States Air Force,[2] who considered themselves adequately equipped with the Fairchild C-123 Provider.

Company data claims a takeoff distance over a 50 ft (15 m) obstacle of 1,210 ft (369 m) at 41,000 lb (18,597 kg) and a landing distance of over a 50 ft (15 m) obstacle of 980 ft (299 m) at 39,100 lb (17,735 kg) for the DHC-5A model.[4]

In the early 1980s, de Havilland Canada attempted to modify the Buffalo for civilian use. The aircraft was to be branded as the "Transporter." After loss of the demonstration aircraft (SN 103 C-GCTC) at the 1984 Farnborough Airshow,[5] the project was abandoned.

A production DHC-5D Buffalo was used for breaking time-to-height records for the weight category 12,000–16,000 kilograms (26,000–35,000 lb) on 16 February 1976, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in 2 min 12.75 sec, 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) in 4 min 27.5 sec and 9,000 metres (30,000 ft) in 8 min 3.5 sec.[6]

New production

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On 24 February 2006, Viking Air of Victoria, British Columbia, a manufacturer of replacement parts for all out-of-production de Havilland Canada aircraft, purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all versions of the DHC-1 through DHC-7 series aircraft, giving Viking exclusive rights to manufacture and sell new aircraft of those types. In December 2008, Viking Air indicated their intention to put the Buffalo series back into production at their home factory in Victoria, British Columbia or in Calgary, Alberta. A potential new production Buffalo would have had Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150 turboprops, a glass cockpit, enhanced vision and night vision goggle capability. The aircraft was proposed as a replacement for the Royal Canadian Air Force fleet of existing DHC-5As but was not one of the three aircraft in the final assessment, in 2016, which selected the EADS CASA C-295.[7][8] Several letters of intent for the DHC-5NG were received in 2014.[9]

Operational history

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United States Army CV-7A at Bien Hoa Air Base, Vietnam, November 1965

In late 1965, one of the prototype DHC-5s operated by the U.S. Army was deployed to Bien Hoa Air Base in South Vietnam for a three-month evaluation period, assigned to the 2nd Flight Platoon of the 92nd Aviation Company.[10]

The Royal Canadian Air Force first acquired 15 DHC-5A designated as CC-115 for tactical transports. These were initially operated at CFB St Hubert, QC by No. 429 Squadron in a tactical aviation role as part of Mobile Command. In 1970, the Buffalo aircraft were transferred to a transport and rescue role with No. 442 Squadron, No. 413 Squadron and No. 424 Squadron as part of Transport Command. No. 426 Squadron also flew the aircraft for training. Some were leased back or loaned back to the factory for trials and eventually returned to military service.

Three of the aircraft were also deployed on UN missions to the Middle East with No. 116 Transport Unit until 1979. They had a white paint scheme which was retained while they were serving in domestic transport with 424 Sqn in between deployments. On 9 August 1974, Canadian Forces CC-115 Buffalo 115461 was shot down by a Syrian surface-to-air missile, killing all nine CF personnel on board. This represents the single biggest loss of Canadian lives on a UN mission as well as the most recent Canadian military aircraft to be shot down.

Production of the DHC-5A ended in 1972 after sales to Brazil and Peru but restarted with the DHC-5D model in 1974. This variant sold to several overseas air forces beginning with Egypt. Production of the DHC-5D ended in December 1986.[11]

In 1975, the Buffalo dropped its tactical transport role and was converted to domestic search and rescue, except for a few that kept serving on UN missions. The initial paint scheme for the SAR converted aircraft were white and red while others still had the original drab paint. The previous drab paint and white paint were eventually replaced with the distinctive yellow and red scheme commonly seen today. The number of aircraft have been reduced to eight, with six on active service, one in storage (recently dismantled) and one used for battle damage training. The remaining operational Buffalos operate in the Search and Rescue role for No. 442 Squadron at CFB Comox. Air Command was renamed the Royal Canadian Air Force in 2011, meaning the CC-115 has served with the RCAF, Air Command and now the RCAF once again. The Buffalo was replaced by the CC-130 Hercules aircraft at search-and-rescue bases in CFB Greenwood and CFB Trenton. As early as 2002, Canada has tried to replace both the Buffalo fleet and the SAR Hercules fleet with a newer aircraft.[12] For some time, the Alenia C-27J Spartan was seen as the likely replacement, with the government considering sole-sourcing the new aircraft.[13] However, after changes in Canada's defence budget as well as accusations of bias from the aerospace industry,[citation needed] the Buffalo replacement program was relaunched as an open competition. After review from the National Research Council, the Department of National Defence as well as consultation with the Canadian aerospace industry, a request for proposal was published in 2015.[14] Bidders included Alenia offering the C-27J Spartan, Airbus Defence and Space with its C-295 and Embraer with its KC-390. In 2016, the Department of National Defence awarded Airbus a contract for 16 C-295s with delivery scheduled to begin in 2019 and running through 2022.[12]

On 15 January 2022, the RCAF officially retired the final two operational CC-115s.[15] A retired but operational aircraft is found at Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa.[16]

Demonstrators for new technologies

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The Buffalo was a suitable airframe for converting to demonstrate some new technologies.

 
The Boeing/NASA Augmented Wing Jet-flap STOL Research Aircraft in flight

Augmented Wing Jet-flap STOL Research Aircraft

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A cooperative NASA/Canadian Government research program on augmentor wing concepts started in 1965 and culminated in the need for a proof-of-concept aircraft. A NASA C-8A Buffalo (later named Bisontennial in 1976) was modified in 1972 for augmentor-wing jet STOL research. The modifications were done by Boeing, de Havilland Canada and Rolls-Royce of Canada Ltd. The wing had a reduced span to give a wing loading representative of future aircraft. It also had full-span leading edge slats, blown ailerons and double-surface flaps enclosing a venturi-shaped passage. The usual turboprop engines were replaced with Rolls-Royce Spey 801 SF (Split Flow) bypass engines with a new bypass duct which separated the hot and cold flows to provide both propulsion and augmentor airflow to the powered lift system. [17][18][19][20] The hot flow was directed through Pegasus-engine swivelling nozzles to ensure it deflected with the flap downwash. The cold flow was directed into the flap venturi and entrained extra airflow.[21] Beginning in 1972 with its first flight in this experimental configuration, this aircraft was used jointly by the NASA Ames Research Center and the Canadian Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce for STOL research.[19][22]

Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft

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The NASA-Boeing Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, NASA used another C-8A Buffalo in the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft program.[17][18][23]: 153 [24][25][26]

Boeing designed and installed an experimental swept, supercritical wing incorporating a boundary layer control system.[24][25]: 8  Instead of the standard engines, this aircraft was powered by four prototype Avco Lycoming YF102 high-bypass turbofan engines (originally from the Northrop YA-9 program) mounted above the wing to take advantage of the Coandă effect.[25]: 9–10  In 1980, this aircraft participated in carrier trials aboard USS Kitty Hawk, demonstrating STOL performance without the use of catapults or arrestor gear.[18][23]: 154 

The aircraft is currently stored at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California.[27]

Air Cushion Landing System Aircraft

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After demonstrations by Bell aircraft using a Lake LA-4 light amphibian with Air Cushion Landing Gear the development of this type of gear was pursued in a joint effort between the USAF and the Canadian Government by retrofitting a similar system to a medium cargo transport, a Buffalo.[28] The air supply to the cushion was provided by an air supply package consisting of a PT6F-70 and two-stage axial flow fan under each wing. The aircraft also had underwing combination floats/skids.[29][30]

Variants

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A CC-115 Buffalo of 442 Transport & Rescue Squadron
 
The Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft (NASA 715) and C-8A Augmented Wing Jet-flap STOL Research Aircraft (NASA 716) on the maiden flight to Ames from Seattle, Washington after conversion.
DHC-5 Buffalo
Originally designed as a twin-engined STOL tactical, utility transport aircraft for the US Army. Original US Army designation AC-2.
DHC-5A
Utility transport aircraft for the Brazilian Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force and Peruvian Air Force. Canadian designation CC-115.
DHC-5B
Proposed version, powered by two General-Electric CT64-P4C turboprop engines. Not built.
DHC-5C
Proposed version, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.12 turboprop engines. Not built.
DHC-5D
Improved version, powered by two 2,336 kW (3,133 shp) General Electric CT64-820-4 turboprop engines.
DHC-5E Transporter
Civil transport version.
NASA / DITC C-8A AWJSRA
One C-8A aircraft converted into an augmentor wing research aircraft.
XC8A ACLS
One C-8A aircraft converted into an air-cushion landing system research aircraft.
NASA / Boeing QSRA C-8A
One C-8A converted into a quiet short-haul research aircraft.
Viking DHC-5NG Buffalo NG
Proposed redesigned new production version to be built by Viking Air. NG is the company marketing term indicating Next Generation[31][32]

Canadian military designations

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CC-115
Canadian military designation for 15 DHC-5As.
 
The prototype Buffalo exhibited at the 1965 Paris Air Show as a US Army CV-7A

United States military designations

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AC-2
Designation for four DHC-5s for evaluation by the United States Army.
CV-7A
Redesignation of four United States Army AC-2s.
C-8A
United States Air Force designation for four CV-7As transferred from the Army in 1967.

Operators

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Civil

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  Canada
  Ethiopia
  Malawi

[35]

Military

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C-115 Buffalo of the Brazilian Air Force at Rio de Janeiro's Galeao Airport in 1972
 
A Buffalo in the colours of the Force Aérienne Zairoise in 1975

This is a list of former military operators. The last six RCAF Buffalos served with No. 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron based in Comox, BC, until the type was finally retired in 2022 after 55 years of service.[36]

  Abu Dhabi /   United Arab Emirates
  Brazil
  Cameroon
  Canada
  Chile
  Democratic Republic of the Congo (previously   Zaire)
  Ecuador
  Egypt
 
Indonesian Navy De Havilland Canada DHC-5D
  Indonesia
  Kenya
  Mauritania
 
A Mexican Navy DHC-5 at Belize International Airport
  Mexico
  Oman
  Peru
  Sudan
  Tanzania
  Togo
  United States
  Zambia

Accidents and incidents

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In total, 26 accidents involving hull losses have been recorded.

Specifications (DHC-5D)

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Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83[48]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot and crew chief)
  • Capacity: 41 troops or 24 stretchers or 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) payload
  • Length: 79 ft 0 in (24.08 m)
  • Wingspan: 96 ft 0 in (29.26 m)
  • Height: 28 ft 8 in (8.74 m)
  • Wing area: 945 sq ft (87.8 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 9.75:1
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 643A417.5 (mod); tip: NACA 632A615
  • Empty weight: 25,160 lb (11,412 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 49,200 lb (22,317 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 1,755 imp gal (2,108 US gal; 7,980 L)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT64-820-4 turboprop engines, 3,133 shp (2,336 kW) each
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 63E60-25, 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) diameter fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 227 kn (261 mph, 420 km/h) maximum at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
  • Stall speed: 73 kn (84 mph, 135 km/h) 40 degree flaps at 46,900 lb (21,273 kg)
  • Range: 600 nmi (690 mi, 1,100 km) at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) with maximum payload
  • Ferry range: 1,770 nmi (2,040 mi, 3,280 km) zero payload
  • Service ceiling: 31,000 ft (9,400 m)
  • g limits: 2.5g (manoeuvring limit load)
  • Rate of climb: 1,820 ft/min (9.2 m/s)
  • Take-off run: 2,300 ft (701 m)
  • Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 2,750 ft (838 m) (mid cg range)
  • Landing run: 850 ft (259 m)
  • Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 2,010 ft (613 m)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Air International August 1976, p. 59.
  2. ^ a b Harding 1990, p. 104.
  3. ^ Air International August 1976, p. 70.
  4. ^ de Havilland Canada: DHC-5A Buffalo STOL Tactical Transport, page 6. de Havilland Canada, May 1971
  5. ^ "Accident description de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo Tuesday 4 September 1984 16:18". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  6. ^ Air International August 1976, p. 64.
  7. ^ Niles, Russ (23 December 2008). "Viking Proposes Resurrection Of DHC-5 Buffalo". AVweb.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009.
  8. ^ Brewster, Murray (8 December 2016). "Airbus chosen to build replacements for 50-year-old RCAF search planes". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017.
  9. ^ Sarsfield, Kate (12 July 2012). "FARNBOROUGH: Viking evaluates market for DHC-5 Buffalo relaunch". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  10. ^ "De Havilland (DHC-5) Buffalo, Page 2". de Havilland Caribou (DHC-4) and Buffalo (DHC-5) web site. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  11. ^ Taylor 1988, p. 21.
  12. ^ a b Trimble, Stephen (8 December 2016). "C295 wins Canadian FWSAR contest". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018.
  13. ^ "DND to look at single bid for search planes: report". CBC.ca. 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008.
  14. ^ "Procurement timeline: Fixed-wing search and rescue aircraft". Public Services and Procurement Canada. 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
  15. ^ a b Defence, National (16 January 2022). "Final operational flight of the CC-115 Buffalo aircraft". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  16. ^ "Last operational CC-115 Buffalo finds final resting place at Canada Aviation and Space Museum".
  17. ^ a b Baugher, Joseph F. "1963 USAF Serial Numbers." Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present, 2008. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  18. ^ a b c Buser, Wayne E. "NASA Buffalos." Archived 30 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine The deHavilland Caribou (DHC-4) and Buffalo (DHC-5) Website, 2006. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  19. ^ a b "First Augmentor Wing Aircraft Flight." Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Astrogram, Volume XIV, Issue 16, 11 May 2005, pp. 1–2. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  20. ^ "N716NA." Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Airliners.net, Aviation Photos. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  21. ^ https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972 - 0443.html [dead link‍]
  22. ^ "STOL Buffalo Flies." Archived 8 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, Volume 101, Issue 3295, p. 658. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  23. ^ a b Norton, Bill. STOL Progenitors: The Technology Path to a Large STOL Transport and the C-17A. Archived 10 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Reston, VA: AIAA, 2002. ISBN 978-1-56347-576-4.
  24. ^ a b "CV-7 / C-8A Buffalo / DHC-5." Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  25. ^ a b c Shovlin, Michael D. and John A. Cochrane. "An Overview of the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft Program." Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine nasa.gov, 1978. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  26. ^ "N715NA." Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Airliners.net, Aviation Photos. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  27. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  28. ^ Earl, T.D. (April 1979). Air Cushion Landing Gear Applications Study (Report). NASA. p. 1.
  29. ^ Sullivan, Kenneth H.; Milberry, Larry (1989). Power: The Pratt & Whitney Canada Story. CANAV Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-921022-01-5.
  30. ^ https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973 - 0402.html?search=february buffalo air-cushion [dead link‍]
  31. ^ "DHC-5NG Buffalo versus C-27J Spartan." Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Viking Air, January 2009. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  32. ^ "Buffalo NG News." Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Viking Air, January 2009. Retrieved: 13 September 2009.
  33. ^ "Registration Details for C-FASV (Summit Air) DHC-5 Buffalo-D - PlaneLogger".
  34. ^ "Registration Details for C-FASY (Summit Air) DHC-5 Buffalo-D - PlaneLogger".
  35. ^ Rohde, Andreas. "Riding a Buffalo – with Arctic Sunwest Charters." Airways, Volume 15, No. 12, Issue 156, February 2009, pp. 30–35. ISSN 1074-4320. Note: Only two of the 126 Buffalos built were for a commercial operator – Ethiopian Airlines.
  36. ^ "De Havilland Canada DHC-5 / CC-115 Buffalo". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  37. ^ Buffalo roster Archived 27 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, DHC4and5.org
  38. ^ Canadian Forces Air Command – CC-115 – Overview Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine and Canadian Forces Air Command – CC-115 – Technical Specifications Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert (2018). Showdown in Western Sahara, Volume 1: Air Warfare Over the Last African Colony, 1945-1975. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-912390-35-9.
  40. ^ Ranter, Harro. "de Havilland Canada CC-115 Buffalo 115461". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  41. ^ "Accident de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo 5T-MAX, Sunday 27 May 1979". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  42. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo C-GCTC Farnborough Airport (FAB)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  43. ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  44. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo FAP-329 Tarma". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  45. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-5D Buffalo AF-316 Lusaka Airport (LUN)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  46. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Accident Description". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  47. ^ "Team Crashes". Flight International. Vol. 143, no. 4368. 11 May 1993. p. 12. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  48. ^ Taylor 1982, pp. 25–26

Bibliography

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