Combined events at the Summer Olympics have been contested in several formats at the multi-sport event. There are two combined track and field events in the current Olympic athletics programme: a men's decathlon (100 metres, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 metres, 110 metres hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1500 metres) and a women's heptathlon (100 metres hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 metres, long jump, javelin throw, and 800 metres).
| Combined events at the Olympic Games | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Men competing in the 1500 m of the 1948 Olympic decathlon | |
| Overview | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Gender | Men and women |
| Years held | Men's decathlon: 1912 – 2024 Women's heptathlon: 1984 – 2024 Women's pentathlon: 1964 – 1980 |
| Olympic record | |
| Men | 9018 pts Damian Warner (2020) |
| Women | 7291 pts Jackie Joyner-Kersee (1988) |
| Reigning champion | |
| Men |  Markus Rooth (NOR) |
| Women |  Nafissatou Thiam (BEL) |
The first men's events came at the 1904 Summer Olympics: a triathlon had long jump, shot put, and 100-yard dash events, while an all-around championship saw athletes compete over ten events, forming the basis for the decathlon.[1] No combined events were held at the subsequent games, but the 1912 Summer Olympics saw the introduction of the modern decathlon event and also a men's pentathlon (which lasted for three games). The first women's event came in 1964 in the form of the women's pentathlon. This was amended to include two more events, becoming the heptathlon at the 1984 Summer Olympics, reflecting the development of women's sport.
The Olympic record in the decathlon is 9018 points, set by Canadian athlete Damian Warner in 2021. Jackie Joyner-Kersee's score of 7291 points to win in 1988 is both the current Olympic and world record for the heptathlon – this remains the only occasion that record has been broken at the Olympics. The men's decathlon world record has had a strong link with the competition, with the Olympic gold medalist breaking the world record in 1928, 1932, 1936, 1952, 1972, 1976, and 1984.[2]
Five men have won two Olympic combined event titles. Bob Mathias, Daley Thompson and Ashton Eaton have all won back-to-back decathlon titles, Jim Thorpe won both the decathlon and pentathlon titles in 1912, and Eero Lehtonen won two Olympic pentathlon titles. Nafissatou Thiam is the most successful athlete, having won three Olympic heptathlon titles, she is along side Jackie Joyner-Kersee the only one with three Olympic combined events medals.
In 1912, Thorpe was designated the "World's Greatest Athlete" by Gustav V of Sweden and this title is traditionally given to the reigning Olympic decathlon champion in the media.[3][4] Thorpe's two gold medals were stripped in 1913 on the grounds that he had broken amateurism rules (having taken expense money for playing baseball), but the International Olympic Committee restored him as the champion in 1982, 30 years after his death, admitting that the protest against Thorpe’s eligibility was not brought within the required 30 days (other medalists were not demoted).[5]
The 1906 Intercalated Games, now not considered an official Olympic event, featured an event based on the Ancient Olympic pentathlon, combining four track and field events with a wrestling match.
Medal summary
editMen's decathlon
edit
Multiple medalists
edit| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Olympics | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1= | Bob Mathias |  United States (USA) |
1948–1952 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1= | Daley Thompson |  Great Britain (GBR) |
1980–1984 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1= | Ashton Eaton | United States (USA) |
2008–2016 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 4= | Milt Campbell | United States (USA) |
1952–1956 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4= | Rafer Johnson | United States (USA) |
1956–1960 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4= | Roman Šebrle |  Czech Republic (CZE) |
2000–2004 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4= | Bryan Clay | United States (USA) |
2004–2008 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8= | Mykola Avilov |  Soviet Union (URS) |
1972–1976 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= | Damian Warner |  Canada (CAN) |
2016–2020 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10= | Akilles Järvinen |  Finland (FIN) |
1928–1932 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 10= | Kevin Mayer |  France (FRA) |
2016–2020 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 12 | Hans-Joachim Walde |  West Germany (FRG) United Team of Germany (EUA) |
1964–1968 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 13= | Floyd Simmons | United States (USA) |
1948–1952 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 13= | Vasili Kuznetsov | Soviet Union (URS) |
1956–1960 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 13= | Leonel Suárez |  Cuba (CUB) |
2008–2012 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Medals by country
edit| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) |
14 | 8 | 7 | 29 |
| 2= | Great Britain (GBR) |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2= |  Norway (NOR) |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Soviet Union (URS) |
1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| 5 | Germany (GER)[nb] |
1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 6 | Finland (FIN) |
1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 |  Sweden (SWE) |
1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 8 | Czech Republic (CZE) |
1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 9 |  East Germany (GDR) |
1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 10 | Canada (CAN) |
1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 11 |  Estonia (EST) |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 12 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | West Germany (FRG) |
0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 14 | France (FRA) |
0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 15= |  Belarus (BLR) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15= |  Republic of China (ROC) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15= |  Spain (ESP) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 18 | Cuba (CUB) |
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 19= |  Kazakhstan (KAZ) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 19= |  Poland (POL) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 19= |  Australia (AUS) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 19= |  Grenada (GRN) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
- nb The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the United Team of Germany, but not East or West Germany.
Women's heptathlon
edit
Multiple medalists
editSeven women have won multiple medals in Olympic heptathlon, while an eighth achieved this feat in the earlier Olympic Pentathlon. Of these, only Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Nafissatou Thiam have won three medals. Only Nafissatou Thiam won three titles.
| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Olympics | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nafissatou Thiam |  Belgium (BEL) |
2016–2024 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | Jackie Joyner-Kersee | United States (USA) |
1984–1992 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Jessica Ennis | Great Britain (GBR) |
2012–2016 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Denise Lewis | Great Britain (GBR) |
1996–2000 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5= | Natallia Sazanovich | Belarus (BLR) |
1996–2000 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Austra Skujytė |  Lithuania (LTU) |
2004–2012 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 7 | Kelly Sotherton | Great Britain (GBR) |
2004–2008 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| [b] | Burglinde Pollak | East Germany (GDR) |
1972–1976 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
- ^ Jenner is now known as Caitlyn due to gender transition in 2015.[6]
- ^ Pentathlon medalist
Medals by country
edit| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Belgium (BEL) |
3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | Great Britain (GBR) |
2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 3 | United States (USA) |
2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 4= | Australia (AUS) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4= | Sweden (SWE) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4= |  Syria (SYR) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4= |  Ukraine (UKR) |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8= |  Russia (RUS) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= | Belarus (BLR) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= | East Germany (GDR) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= | Germany (GER) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= | Lithuania (LTU) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8= |  Netherlands (NED) |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 14 |  Unified Team (EUN) |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15= | Canada (CAN) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 15= | West Germany (FRG) |
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Defunct events
editMen's all-around
editConsisted of 100 yards, shot put, high jump, 880 yd walk, hammer throw, pole vault, 120 yd hurdles, weight throw, long jump and mile run.
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1904 St. Louis |
 Tom Kiely (GBR)
|
 Adam Gunn (USA)
|
Truxtun Hare (USA)
|
Men's triathlon
editConsisted of long jump, shot put, and 100 yards.
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1904 St. Louis |
Max Emmerich (USA)
|
John Grieb (USA)
|
William Merz (USA)
|
Men's pentathlon
editConsisted of long jump, javelin throw, 200 metres, discus throw, and 1500 metres. Eero Lehtonen was the most successful athlete in the event's three-edition history, winning two of the three gold medals on offer and being the only person to reach the podium twice.
Women's pentathlon
editConsisted of 100 metres hurdles, shot put, high jump, long jump, and 200 metres. In 1980, the 200 metres was replaced by the 800 metres. Burglinde Pollak, a bronze medalist in 1972 and 1976, was the only woman to win two Olympic pentathlon medals during its five-edition history.
Intercalated Games
editThe 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.[7]
No strictly track and field combined event featured on the programme, as happened at the 1904 Summer Olympics, but the Greeks introduced a variation of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon. This contained four track and field events – standing long jump, ancient-style discus throw, javelin throw and a stadion race (192 m) – with the final event being Greco-Roman wrestling.[8]
American Martin Sheridan was the initial favourite, having already won gold and silver medals in individual jump and throws events, but dropped out due to injury. Lawson Robertson and István Mudin each won two of the rounds (Robertson the long jump and stadion, Mudin the discus and wrestling), but it was Sweden's Hjalmar Mellander who won the gold medal with 24 points. The Swede never finished in the top two of a round, but he performed consistently, never below seventh place in the 27-man field. Mudin of Hungary took a close second place with 25 points.[8] Third place was taken by another Swede, Eric Lemming, who later went on to win two consecutive Olympic gold medals in the javelin throw.[9]
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 Athens |
 Hjalmar Mellander (SWE)
|
 István Mudin (HUN)
|
Eric Lemming (SWE)
|
Notes
editReferences
edit- Participation and athlete data
- Athletics Athletics Men's Pentathlon Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- Athletics Men's Decathlon Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- Athletics Men's All-Around Championship Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- Athletics Women's Pentathlon Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- Athletics Women's Heptathlon Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- Olympic record progressions
- Mallon, Bill (2012). TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS. Track and Field News. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- Specific
- ^ Athletics at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games: Men's Decathlon. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
- ^ 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009 Archived August 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (pages 546, 559–60, 649). IAAF (2009). Retrieved on 2011-05-07.
- ^ Bryan Clay claims decathlon gold, title as world's greatest athlete
- ^ Bryan Clay Wins Olympic Decathlon Gold, World's Greatest Athlete Is an American
- ^ Jim Thorpe. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
- ^ Buzz Bissinger (June 1, 2015). "Introducing Caitlyn Jenner". Vanity Fair. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
- ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
- ^ a b Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's Pentathlon (Ancient). Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
- ^ Eric Lemming. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
External links
edit- IAAF heptathlon homepage
- IAAF decathlon homepage
- Official Olympics website
- Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News