Chen Menglei (Chinese: 陳夢雷; Chinese: 陈梦雷; 1650–1741) was a Chinese encyclopedist, historian, and philosopher during the Qing dynasty. He was a scholar-writer known for being the chief editor, compiler, and author of the Gujin Tushu Jicheng Chinese encyclopedia. In 1670, he became a Jinshi. Chen Menglei conducted research for over 50 years, covering more than 10,000 volumes of books,[1] and in 1701 was entrusted by the Kangxi Emperor to compile the Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia, which Chen completed in four and a half years.
Chen Menglei | |||
|---|---|---|---|
陳夢雷 | |||
| Born | 1650 | ||
| Died | 1741 Heilongjiang, Qing dynasty | ||
| Occupation(s) | Encyclopedist, historian, philosopher | ||
| Era | Kangxi era | ||
| Organization | Hanlin Academy | ||
| Known for | Gujin Tushu Jicheng | ||
| Chinese name | |||
| Chinese | 陈梦雷 | ||
| |||
| Zezhen | |||
| Simplified Chinese | 则震 | ||
| |||
| Shengzhai | |||
| Simplified Chinese | 省斋 | ||
| |||
| Songhe laoren | |||
| Chinese | 松鹤老人 | ||
| |||
| Tianyidaoren | |||
| Chinese | 天一道人 | ||
| |||
Chen Menglei also had the courtesy name Zezhen (则震), sobriquet or art name Shengzhai (省斋), and epithet "Pine Crane Elder" (松鶴老人).
Life
editChen Menglei was born in modern-day Fuzhou in Houguan county. In 1670, at the age of 20, he obtained his scholar degree, became a Jinshi, and was selected as a scholar for the Hanlin Academy. In 1673, he returned to his hometown to visit his relatives, which coincided with the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, and he was caught in the midst of Geng Jingzhong's rebellion. Chen Menglei at the time was friends with fellow writer Li Guangdi. Chen Sui (陈遂) and Li Guangdi together went to the office of Fujian chancellor Fu Hongji (富鴻基) to demonstrate their loyalty to the Qing dynasty. In 1676, in September, the Qing soldiers passed through Xianxia pass (仙霞关) to enter Fujian, and Geng Jingzhong surrendered. At this time, as part of machinations by Li Guangdi, Menglei was framed and falsely accused by Xu Hongbi (徐鴻弼) from the Geng faction. Chen Menglei was mistakenly taken for Chen Fang (陳昉). But later Chen Menglei cleared his name and showed his innocence.[2][3]
Writing the Gujin Tushu Jicheng
editIn 1698, the Kangxi Emperor made an eastern tour, and Chen Menglei went to work and study with the third son of the Kangxi Emperor: Prince Cheng, Yinzhi.[4] Chen Menglei's study was changed to "Songheshan Room" (松鶴山房), and he called himself "Songhe Elder" (松鶴老人), meaning "Pine Crane Elder" as the Kangxi emperor gave the couplet "The pine is tall and the branches and leaves are luxuriant, while the old crane has new feathers."[5]
During this period, in October of 1701, Chen began to compile the book, the Compendium, or Tushu Huibian (图书汇编).[4] Chen Menglei referred to the "Xieyitang" (协一堂) book collection and more than 15,000 volumes of ancient books in his own family to classify and edit the encyclopedia. After five years (1701-1705) of 'eye to eye inspection, morning and evening' (“目营手检，无间晨夕”), in May of 1705, he completed the Compendium.
There are 10,000 volumes of the book and 40 volumes of catalogues, with a total of 160 million words. The whole book is divided into six parts: Astronomy/Calendar, Geography, Society, Nature, Philosophy, Economics, etc. (历象、方舆、明论、博物、理学、经济等). Each edition is divided into several codices, totaling 36 codices, and each codex is divided into cadres, totaling 6,109. There are many contents, and the classification is clear.[3]
In the 1706, the first draft was completed, and after the Kangxi emperor inspected it, he changed the title from Compendium to the Gujin Tushu Jicheng (古今图书集成), literally a 'compilation of ancient and modern books'. When the Yongzheng Emperor ascended the throne, he ordered Jiang Tingxi to help Chen Menglei finish completing the encyclopedia. In 1934, the Zhonghua Book Company (中华书局) published copies of the encyclopedia signing Chen Menglei's name.[3][6]
Zhang Tingyu commented: "Since the book contract was established, one book has been used throughout the past and the present, covering everything, and there is no one like the author of Gujin Tushu Jicheng."[7]
In Chen Menglei's "Songheshan Fangji" (《松鹤山房集》), Volume 2, "Starting the Compendium" (《进汇编启》 jin huibian qi), it is mentioned that in this great book "everything across the country, including Thirteen Classics and the 21 Histories, was covered. Almost nothing was left out from the collection of ancient history except maybe one or two words deleted."[8]
In 1722, the Kangxi emperor died. Chen Menglei continued to study with Prince Cheng, Yinzhi. However the incoming Yongzheng Emperor had been opposed by Yinzhi, and in January of 1723, Chen Menglei and his two children moved to Heilongjiang, having been exiled by the new emperor. At this time, Chen Menglei was 74 years old. In 1741, Chen Menglei died of illness in a garrison, aged 92.[9][10]
Works
edit- Gujin Tushu Jicheng
- Gaodu Chenghuangwen (《告都城隍文》), July 1680: on City God (China)
References
edit- ^ “读书五十载”、“涉猎万余卷”
- ^ Wang Chonglü (王充閭) (2016-06-01). 充閭文集：面對歷史的蒼茫. 萬卷出版公司. p. 41. ISBN 978-7-5470-3945-8. Archived from the original on 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ a b c Fang, Chao-ying (2019-10-24), Publishing Group, Berkshire (ed.), "CHEN Menglei", Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period, Berkshire Publishing Group, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190088019.001.0001, ISBN 978-1-61472-033-1, retrieved 2022-04-23 (Oxford reference)
- ^ a b Elman, Benjamin A. (2009-06-30). On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550-1900. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03647-5.
- ^ 松高枝叶茂，鹤老羽毛新
- ^ Jin Changzheng (金常政) (March 2005). 百科全书的故事. 北京: 北京图书馆出版社. pp. 42–44. ISBN 7501326231.
- ^ 自有書契以來，以一書貫串古今，包羅萬有，未有如我朝《古今圖書集成》者。
- ^ 凡在六合之内，钜细毕举，其在十三经、二十一史者，只字不遗；其在稗史集者，亦只删一二
- ^ Wang Zhonghan: Chen Menglei and Li Guangdi (王锺翰：《陈梦雷与李光地绝交书》)
- ^ Hanson, Marta (2003). "The "Golden Mirror" in the Imperial Court of the Qianlong Emperor, 1739-1742". Early Science and Medicine. 8 (2): 111–147. doi:10.1163/157338203X00035. ISSN 1383-7427. JSTOR 4130134. PMID 15043047.