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Chakradhara (Marathi: चक्रधर), also known as Sarvajna Shri Chakradhar Swami or Kunwar Haripaladeva[2] was an Indian Hindu saint and philosopher, who was the founder of Mahanubhava sect of Krishnaism. Shri Chakradhara advocated worship of the god Krishna and preached a distinct philosophy based on Bhakti. He was an exponent of the Dvaita philosophy within Hinduism.
Shri Chakradhar Swami | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | Haripaladeva 1194 CE[1] |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Parents |
|
| Known for | Expounded Mahanubhava Sampradaya |
| Organization | |
| Philosophy | Mahanubhava, Dvaita Bhakti |
| Religious career | |
| Guru | Dattatreya, Govinda Prabhu |
| Honors | Sarvajna (Omniscient), Ishvara (God) |
Shri Chakradhara did not recognize caste distinctions, and distinguished only between the householder and recluses.[3] Some sources claim that Chakrapani Prabhu and Govinda Prabhu as the originators of Mahanubhava doctrine and Chakradhara as the first apostle who systematized Mahanubhava as a school of Bhakti philosophy.[4] Shri Chakradhara is considered as an avatar of Krishna by his disciples. his incarnation day is observed on the Tithi of Bhadrapada Shukla Dwitiya.
Life
editShri Chakradhara was born into a Gujarati[5] Samavedi Brahmin family[6][7] in Bharuch, Gujarat. According to his biography Lilacharitra, he was the son of a royal minister of Gujarat.[8] He took Sannyasa at a young age and left his home for pilgrimage to Ramtek. During his journey, he received initiation from his guru Govinda Prabhu at Ridhapur in modern-day Amravati district. For twelve years, he stayed in forests of Vindhya mountain as an ascetic. After attaining the awakening, he started preaching a new philosophy, Mahanubhava tattvajnana to the common people.[9] Although his native language was Gujarati, he had excellent command over Marathi. Shri Chakradhara moved among all sections of society. He discoursed his philosophy effectively among the people in their own language. The Lilacharitra confirms that he also spoke fluent Sanskrit along with Gujarati and Marathi. He used formulaic language full of meaning in a compact style. He insisted that his disciples should write only in Marathi. Thus the teachings of Shri Chakradhara and Mahanubhava Sampradaya are found in Marathi literature.[10]
Philosophy
editShri Chakradhara's philosophy focused on asceticism and renunciation. His fourfold teachings were: non-violence (ahimsa), celibacy (brahmacharya), asceticism (sannyasa) and devotion (bhakti). He prescribed different aspects of God to be worshipped: name, form, activity, deeds, place, vachanas (Shruti), memories (Smriti) and the blessing of God's incarnation. He considered five forms of God as Supreme called "Pancha Krishna": Dattatreya, Krishna, Chakrapani, Govinda Prabhu and Chakradhara himself.[8]
As per Shri Chakradhara, one can practice bhakti by memorizing deeds of God. The aspirant for salvation must sacrifice his country, village and his relations and offer his life to God. He also taught his disciple when, where, how, how much alms they should be beg for. The central theme of his teaching was, "Feel the soul and not the body". Living the life of mendicant and practicing asceticism severely, the devotee should live according to principle, "God is mine and I am God’s". The core of his code of behaviour is summed up in the following line for the benefit of his followers: "Even if the head is cut off, the body should worship God".
Besides teaching strict vegetarianism, the Mahanubhava Sampradaya forbids the use of alcohol and teaches non-violence.[11] It teaches that Krishna is the ultimate God; other deities are his powers. As per scriptures of Mahanubhava Sampradaya that Nirvana (Moksha) can only be achieved by knowing and worshiping Krishna as the lone ultimate and thus one must give up on worshiping and getting involved unconsciously in the other powers of ultimate, It can be relatively explained as one should not be satisfied in loving the creation but love the creator.[12]
References
edit- ^ Marathi Vishwakosh, https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/17950/ Archived 2022-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Shankar Gopal Tupule. A History of Indian Literature, Vol. 9, Part 4. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1979. p. 316
- ^ Shripad Dattatraya Kulkarni (1992). The Struggle for Hindu Supremacy. Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samshodhana Mandira. p. 63. ISBN 9788190011358.
Chakradhar Swami was against the use of Sanskrita even in religious rituals. He advocated worship of lord Krishna. He did not recognize caste distinctions, and like Buddha had only two others viz the householder and recluses.
- ^ R. C. Dhere, Chakrapani, Vishwakarma Sahityalay, 1977, pp. 211-213
- ^ Maharashtra : Land and Its People, Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra, 2009, p. 147
- ^ Christian Lee Novetzke (October 2016). The quotidian revolution : vernacularization, religion, and the premodern public sphere in India. p. 109. ISBN 9780231175807.
Similarly, there are many points in the lilacaritra that appear to reinforce a claim that Chakradhar is a Lad Brahmin of the Samavedi branch from Gujarat.
- ^ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections By K. Ayyappa Paniker, Volume 2, Sahitya Akademi, 1997, ISBN 81-260-0365-0, p. 346
- ^ a b Arunchandra S. Pathak (July 4, 2014), Sthanapothi : Ek Puratattviya Abhyas (स्थानपोथी : एक पुरातत्त्वीय अभ्यास), pp. 76–84
- ^ V. B. Kolte, Shrichakradhara Charitra (श्रीचक्रधर चरित्र), Arun Prakashan, Malkapur, 1952, pp. 1-11.
- ^ Lokrajya, Volume 41. Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations. 1985. p. 15.
- ^ Indian History. Allied Publishers. 1988. ISBN 9788184245684.
- ^ "Mahanubhav Panth". Hinduism Facts | Facts about Hindu Religion. 2011-06-15. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-11.